Table 3.

Association between cardiometabolic risk factors in childhood with DNA methylation age acceleration in all children and by GDM group, adjusted for age, sex, and pre-pregnancy BMI

		DNA methylation age acceleration
		All		Non-GDM		GDM
Cardiometabolic risk factor		Coef (SE)	p-value	Coef (SE)	p-value	Coef (SE)	p-value
Weight-for-age Z-score	Horvath	0.12 (0.04)	0.002	0.09 (0.05)	0.09	0.15 (0.06)	0.006
	Hannum	0.19 (0.09)	0.0495	0.07 (0.14)	0.63	0.25 (0.13)	0.054
Height-for-age Z-score	Horvath	0.13 (0.05)	0.006	0.13 (0.06)	0.03	0.13 (0.07)	0.046
	Hannum	−0.00 (0.11)	0.95	−0.04 (0.16)	0.81	−0.01 (0.15)	0.95
BMI-for-age Z-score	Horvath	0.09 (0.04)	0.01	0.04 (0.05)	0.41	0.13 (0.05)	0.01
	Hannum	0.25 (0.09)	0.005	0.11 (0.13)	0.37	0.32 (0.12)	0.008
Waist circumference (cm)	Horvath	0.02 (0.01)	0.04	0.02 (0.01)	0.14	0.01 (0.01)	0.29
	Hannum	0.05 (0.02)	0.01	0.03 (0.03)	0.34	0.05 (0.03)	0.07
Body fat (%)	Horvath	0.02 (0.01)	0.007	0.01 (0.01)	0.13	0.02 (0.01)	0.046
	Hannum	0.05 (0.01)	0.002	0.02 (0.02)	0.30	0.06 (0.02)	0.003
Triceps skinfold (mm)	Horvath	−0.00 (0.01)	0.73	0.01 (0.01)	0.78	0.01 (0.01)	0.64
	Hannum	0.23 (0.02)	0.26	0.03 (0.03)	0.35	0.04 (0.03)	0.16
Subscapular skinfold (mm)	Horvath	0.03 (0.01)	0.01	0.03 (0.02)	0.03	0.02 (0.02)	0.15
	Hannum	0.08 (0.03)	0.008	0.04 (0.04)	0.36	0.09 (0.04)	0.02
Suprailiac skinfold (mm)	Horvath	0.02 (0.01)	0.006	0.01 (0.01)	0.56	0.03 (0.01)	0.006
	Hannum	0.07 (0.02)	<0.001	0.03 (0.03)	0.23	0.09 (0.02)	0.001
Upper arm circumference (cm)	Horvath	0.05 (0.02)	0.01	0.04 (0.03)	0.20	0.05 (0.03)	0.07
	Hannum	0.14 (0.05)	0.006	0.06 (0.07)	0.43	0.15 (0.06)	0.017
Haemoglobin (g/L)	Horvath	−0.00 (0.01)	0.68	0.00 (0.01)	0.87	0.00 (0.01)	0.92
	Hannum	−0.00 (0.01)	0.90	−0.00 (0.02)	0.94	0.01 (0.02)	0.56
Systolic BP (mmHg)	Horvath	0.02 (0.01)	0.004	0.01 (0.01)	0.20	0.01 (0.01)	0.15
	Hannum	0.04 (0.01)	0.009	−0.00 (0.02)	0.94	0.04 (0.02)	0.02
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	Horvath	0.01 (0.01)	0.04	0.00 (0.01)	0.68	0.02 (0.01)	0.04
	Hannum	0.03 (0.02)	0.03	0.01 (0.02)	0.71	0.04 (0.02)	0.02
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	Horvath	0.05 (0.06)	0.44	−0.03 (0.08)	0.74	0.13 (0.09)	0.17
	Hannum	−0.27 (0.15)	0.08	−0.44 (0.22)	0.046	−0.08 (0.21)	0.72
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	Horvath	−0.19 (0.17)	0.26	0.04 (0.21)	0.86	−0.08 (0.27)	0.75
	Hannum	−1.40 (0.40)	0.001	−1.45 (0.54)	0.01	−0.48 (0.61)	0.44
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	Horvath	0.03 (0.08)	0.68	−0.06 (0.11)	0.60	0.19 (0.11)	0.09
	Hannum	−0.11 (0.19)	0.54	−0.36 (0.28)	0.20	0.22 (0.26)	0.39
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	Horvath	0.23 (0.14)	0.11	0.14 (0.20)	0.49	0.19 (0.20)	0.34
	Hannum	0.36 (0.35)	0.31	0.56 (0.53)	0.29	0.00 (0.46)	0.99