FIG. 1.

(a) Various sample locations displayed in the body, including nasal, nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal/throat, and bronchoalveolar. (b) Lavage: example of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in which a catheter is placed in the desired location, saline is rinsed via an applicator, and an effluent is collected. (c) Aspiration is collection of samples via a suction powered catheter. An example is shown in nasopharyngeal aspiration. (d) Swabs are inserted into the location to collect the sample, as shown in the nasal swab example.