TABLE I.
Sample collection and detection methods for respiratory viruses. RT-PCR, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; LFIA, lateral flow immunochromatographic assay; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
| Respiratory virus | Reference | Clinical sample | Detection methods |
|---|---|---|---|
| Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) | 5, 6, and 19 | Nasopharyngeal aspirate | Viral culture |
| Nasopharyngeal swab | Fluorescence immunoassay | ||
| Rapid antigen test (LFIA) | |||
| RT-PCR | |||
| Parainfluenza virus (HPIV) | 5, 13, and 20 | Throat swab | RT-PCR |
| Bronchoalveolar lavage | |||
| Nasopharyngeal aspirate | |||
| Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) | 15–17 | Nasopharyngeal aspirate | RT-PCR |
| Throat swab | Virus culture | ||
| Sputum | |||
| Bronchoalveolar lavage | |||
| Rhinovirus (HRV) | 18, 21, and 22 | Nasopharyngeal swab | RT-PCR |
| Virus culture | |||
| DNA sequencing | |||
| Coronaviruses | 9, 11, 23, and 24 | Nasal aspirate | Virus culture |
| Nasal wash | RT-PCR | ||
| Nasopharyngeal swab | Fluorescence immunoassay | ||
| Bronchoalveolar lavage | |||
| Sputum | |||
| Adenovirus | 25 and 26 | Throat swab | Virus culture |
| Throat wash | ELISA | ||
| Blood | RT-PCR | ||
| Blood serum | |||
| Stool | |||
| Bocavirus | 27–29 | Nasopharyngeal swab | RT-PCR |
| Nasopharyngeal aspirates | Virus culture | ||
| Nasopharyngeal wash | |||
| Stool | |||
| Sputum | |||
| Enterovirus | 12, 30, and 31 | Stool | RT-PCR |
| Nasopharyngeal swab | |||
| Mouth/nose vesicles | |||
| Cerebral spinal fluid | |||
| Influenza A and B | 32–36 | Throat lavage | RT-PCR |
| Nasal swab | DNA microarray | ||
| Throat swab | |||
| Nasopharyngeal swab and suction |