TABLE II.

Examples of FRESH and embedded printing support baths and inks. This table shows a range of biological and synthetic embedded 3D printing applications that highlight the versatility and customizability of FRESH and embedded printing. Abbreviations used in the table are as follows: carbon nanotubes (CNT), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), bicyclo[6.1.0]nonyne (BCN), arginylglycylaspartic acid (RGD), and popolyacrylic acid (PAA).

Bath material	Ink material	Lead author	Biological/synthetic	Use case
Acrylamide	Collagen-I cell mixture	Morley et al.38	Biological	Cell generated forces in bioprinted constructs
Agarose	Laponite–gellan gum	Cidonio et al.53	Biological	Bone constructs
	Gellan/hydroxyapatite	Moxon et al.83	Biological	Osteochondral bioprinting
	Nanocomposite bioink alginate/collagen	Mendes et al.80	Biological	Hierarchical fibrillar structures
		Mirdamadi et al.47	Biological	Cell-laden hydrogel constructs
	Collagen, gelatin, and alginate
		Senior et al.46	Biological	Hydrogel constructs
Alginate	Cell ink	Jeon et al.29	Biological	Tissue constructs
Alginate and xanthan gum	Cardiomyocyte omentum gel	Noor et al.49	Biological	Cardiac tissue constructs
Carbopol	Alginate/GelMA	Krishnamoorthy et al.75	Biological	Dual network cellular constructs
	Polyvinyl alcohol	O'Bryan et al.26	Synthetic	Support material development
	Bioelastomer prepolymers	Savoji et al.89	Biological	Vascular tubes
	PDMS 184	Bhattacharjee et al.11	Biological	Bioprinting technique development
	Silicone oil	Zhao et al.60	Synthetic	Silicone printing
	PDMS 184	Abdollahi et al.28	Synthetic	Synthetic printing optimization
	PDMS 184	Hinton et al.25	Synthetic	Silicone printing
	PDMS 184	Menon et al.30	Synthetic	Machine learning optimization of silicone printing
	Urethane and epoxy	Hajash et al.59	Synthetic	Large-scale synthetics printing
	Liquid metal	Yu et al.95	Synthetic	Liquid metal printing
	GelMA/gelatin/tropoelastin	Lee et al.96	Biological	Bioprinting of elastin containing bioink
	Cell sheroids	Ayan et al.63	Biological	Aspiration-assisted bioprinting of tissue spheroids
Cell spheroids or organoids	Cell spheroids and organoids	Skylar-Scott et al.52	Biological	High cellular density tissue constructs
EcoFlex elastomer	Carbon conductive grease	Muth et al.84	Synthetic	Strain sensor printing
Fumed silica	PDMS 184	Jin et al.73	Synthetic	Hydrophobic support bath
Gelatin	Alginate/collagen	Bessler et al.66	Biological	Printing hardware development
	Cellulose, alginate, and CNT	Bordoni et al.42	Biological	Neuroblastoma differentiation
	Decellularized vascular ECM	Choi et al.68	Biological	Muscle tissue constructs
	Alginate and collagen	Hinton et al.9	Biological	Bioprinting development
	Alginate and collagen	Isaacson et al.72	Biological	Corneal stroma printing
	Alginate	Jeon et al.29	Biological	Tissue constructs
	Collagen, alginate, MeHA, fibrinogen, and cells	Lee et al.10	Biological	Collagen and cell printing for cardiac tissues
	Alginate	Lewicki et al.76	Biological	Neuroblastoma printing
	Alginate	Lindsay et al.44	Biological	Stem cell expansion
	HA/collagen	Maloney et al.78	Biological	Chemotherapy screening
	Collagen	Maxson et al.79	Biological	In vivo remodeling of bioprinted constructs
	Hydroxyapatite/collagen	Montalbano et al.82	Biological	Bone scaffolds
	Cell laden collagen	Noble et al.85	Biological	Mechanics of recellularized scaffolds
	Alginate/callus/cells	Park et al.86	Biological	Food printing
	Alginate	Pusch et al.27	Biological	Large volume printing hardware
	GelMA and PEDOT:PSS	Spencer et al.43	Biological	Tunable ink mechanics
	Xanthan gum	Štumberger and Vihar93	Biological	Microfluidics
	Alginate	Wang and Florczyk94	Biological	Hierarchical porosity scaffolds
	Alginate and MeHA	Chen et al.67	Biological	Two-step crosslinked nanocomposite scaffolds
	MITCH-alginate	Dubbin et al.51	Biological	Dual-stage crosslinking for improved cell laden inks
	Alginate	Mirdamadi et al.32	Biological	Bioprinting tissue phantoms for surgical planning
	Union inks	Hull et al.34	Biological	Universal orthogonal bioink development
	Alginate	Shen and McCloskey90	Biological	Embedded concentration gradients
	Collagen	Montalbano et al.81	Biological	Nanostructured bone scaffolds
	Alginate	Bone et al.33	Biological	Machine learning to improve print fidelity
	Alginate/nanocellulose	Bordoni et al.42	Biological	Printing and differentiation of neuroblastoma cells
	Chitosan	Bao et al.64	Biological	Triggered micropore-forming bioprinting
	Hyaluronic acid (BCN-modified)	Aronsson et al.62	Biological	Peptide biofunctionalization of bioinks
	GelMA	Kupfer et al.45	Biological	Cardiac chambered organoid development
Gellan gum	Gelatin and alginate	Compaan et al.54	Biological	Support material development
Hyaluronic acid (HA)	Hyaluronic acid–RGD	Shi et al.91	Biological	Ink and support material development
	Hyaluronic acid	Highley et al.12	Biological	Ink and support material development
	Hyaluronic acid	Song et al.92	Biological	Endothelialized microchannels
	NorHA and PEGDA microgels	Highley et al.71	Biological	Microgel ink development
Laponite nanoclay	Alginate/gelatin	Jin et al.57	Biological	Support material development
	Alginate	Jin et al.56	Synthetic	Support material development
	Silk fibroin	Rodriguez et al.	Biological	Silk printing
Methanol, ethanol	PDMS 184	Karyappa et al.74	Synthetic	Silicone printing
Nanoclay	Gelatin and alginate	Ding and Chang69	Biological	Tubular structures
Oil gel bath	PDMS 184	O'Bryan et al.26	Synthetic	Silicone printing development
PDMS 1700	Pluronic F127	Grosskopf et al.70	Synthetic	Fluid mechanics in embedded printing
Pluronic F-127	Alginate	Rocca et al.88	Biological	Multi-ink printing
	Pluronic F127-acrylate	Wu et al.22	Biological	Microvascular networks
	Pluronic F127-dimethyacrylate	Basu et al.65	Synthetic	Catalytically activated polymerization
	Alginate	Afghah et al.61	Biological	Laponite pluronic support bath development
Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)	PAA–dextran (DEX) inks	Luo et al.77	Biological	Ink and support material development
Xanthan gum methacrylate	Alginate	Patrício et al.87	Biological	Ink and support material development