Chart 1. Major studies on air pollution, predominantly from vehicular and industrial sources, and respiratory diseases conducted in Brazil.

Authors	Population and setting	Outcome	Exposure	Results
Sobral 100	Children in the city of São Paulo, located in the state of São Paulo	Respiratory diseases	Air pollution	Increased respiratory diseases in more polluted areas
Saldiva et al. 78	Rats in the cities of São Paulo and Atibaia, both located in the state of São Paulo	Changes in the mucociliary system	Environmental air in the two cities	Changes in the mucus and cilia and increased mortality from respiratory diseases in the city of São Paulo
Saldiva et al. 79	Children aged 5 years or younger in the city of São Paulo	Mortality from respiratory diseases	Measured primary pollutants	An association between NOx and increased mortality
Saldiva et al. 101	Elderly individuals > 65 years old in the greater metropolitan area of São Paulo	Mortality from respiratory diseases	PM10, NOX, SO2, and CO	Increased deaths associated with increased air pollutant levels
Souza et al. 80	Autopsy in individuals who died a violent death. Smokers in the city of Ourinhos (mean, 31 years) and nonsmokers in the city of Guarulhos (mean, 26 years), both located in the state of São Paulo	Lung histopathologic changes	Tobacco and air pollution	Comparison of lung injury between nonsmokers in the more polluted city (Guarulhos) and smokers in the less polluted city (Ourinhos)
Lin et al. 82	Children and adolescents in the city São Paulo	Emergency room visits	Measured air pollutants	Increased visits associated with PM10 and O3
Braga et al. 83	Children aged 12 years or younger in the city of São Paulo	Hospitalizations for respiratory diseases	PM10, SO2, NO2, CO, and O3	An association between hospitalization and air pollutants
Braga et al. 102	Individuals aged 19 years or younger in the city of São Paulo	Hospitalizations for respiratory diseases	PM10, SO2, NO2, CO, and O3	An increased risk in children ≤ 2 years and adolescents aged 14 to 19 years
Conceição et al. 103	Children aged 5 years or younger in the city of São Paulo	Mortality from respiratory diseases	Primary and secondary pollutants	A mortality increase associated with increases in CO, SO2, and PM10
Martins et al. 104	Elderly individuals in the city of São Paulo	Mortality from respiratory diseases	Primary and secondary pollutants	An association between PM10 and increased numbers of deaths; more deaths in those with a lower socioeconomic status
Mauad et al. 105	Mice in the city of São Paulo	Lung development	Air pollution	Exposure to PM and decreases in inspiratory and expiratory lung volumes
Arbex et al. 86	Adults and elderly individuals in the city of São Paulo	Emergency room visits	Air pollutants	Increased visits by elderly individuals and women
Riva et al. 81	Mice (an experimental study)	Inflammatory changes in the lung	Inhaled fine PM	Low concentrations of PM2.5 induce oxidative stress and inflammation in the lung.
Santos et al. 50	Workers exposed to environmental air pollution	Lung function	Individual exposure to PM2.5	Reduced FVC and increased FEF25-75%
Gouveia et al. 106	Individuals of all ages and children less than 5 years old	Hospitalizations for respiratory diseases	PM10	Increased hospitalizations in all age groups and in children less than 5 years old
de Barros Mendes Lopes et al. 107	Mice: exposure during pregnancy and after birth (São Paulo)	Lung formation and growth	PM2.5	Exposure leads to a reduced number of alveoli and impaired lung function in adult mice.

PM₁₀: particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 10 µm; PM_2.5: particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm; and NO_x: nitrogen oxides.