Chart 2. Major studies on air pollution, especially from biomass burning, and respiratory diseases conducted in Brazil.

Authors	Population and setting	Outcome	Exposure	Results
Arbex et al. 87	Population in the city of Araraquara, located in the state of Sâo Paulo	Use of medication by the population (inhalation therapy)	TSP	Increased visits for inhalation therapy during the sugarcane burning season
Cançado et al. 89	Children and elderly individuals in the city of Piracicaba, located in the state of São Paulo	Hospitalization for respiratory disease	PM2.5, PM10	Increased hospitalizations on more polluted days; major effects during the sugarcane burning season
Arbex et al. 90	Population in the city of Araraquara	Hospitalization for asthma	TSP	Increased hospitalizations on more polluted days and during the sugarcane burning season; a 50% increase in hospitalizations during the sugarcane burning season
do Carmo et al. 94	Children and elderly individuals in Alta Floresta, a town in the state of Mato Grosso	Outpatient treatment for respiratory disease	PM2.5 from forest burning	Increased visits by children but not by elderly individuals
Ignotti et al. 95	Children and elderly individuals in microregions of the Brazilian Amazon	Hospitalization for respiratory disease	PM2.5 > 80 µg/m3	Increased hospitalizations in children and elderly individuals
Rodrigues et al. 108	Elderly individuals in the Brazilian Amazon	Hospitalization for asthma	Dry season vs. wet season	Hospitalization rates are three times higher during the dry season than during the wet season.
Riguera et al. 91	Schoolchildren aged 10 to 14 years in Monte Aprazível, a town in the state of São Paulo	Asthma and rhinitis symptoms, PEF	PM2.5 and black carbon	Increased symptoms of asthma and rhinitis; a higher prevalence of rhinitis during the sugarcane burning season; decreased PEF
Goto et al. 92	Sugarcane workers in Cerquilho, a town in the state of São Paulo	Mucociliary clearance	Sugarcane burning	Impaired clearance and changes in mucus properties
Prado et al. 77	Sugarcane workers and residents of Mendonça, a town in the state of São Paulo	Lung function, respiratory symptoms, oxidative stress markers	Sugarcane burning	Reduced lung function, increased respiratory symptoms, and increased oxidative stress during the harvest season
Silva et al. 96	Children and elderly individuals in the city of Cuiabá, located in the state of Mato Grosso	Hospitalization	PM2.5	Increased hospitalizations in children but not in elderly individuals
Arbex et al. 88	Population in the city of Araraquara	Emergency room visit for pneumonia	TSP	An increased effect of exposure during the sugarcane burning season
Jacobson et al. 97	Schoolchildren aged 6 to 15 years in the city of Tangará da Serra, located in the state of Mato Grosso	Lung function	PM10 and PM2.5	Decreases in PEF
Mazzoli-Rocha et al. 98	Mice, cities of São Paulo and Araraquara, both located in the state of São Paulo	Lung resistance, lung elastance, and lung inflammation	Repeated instillation of PM	PM from sugarcane burning is more toxic than is PM from vehicular sources.
de Oliveira Alves et al. 109	Lung cells, the Amazon region	Cell toxicity	PM during burning in the Amazon forest	Increased levels of reactive oxygen species, inflammatory cytokines, DNA damage, apoptosis, and necrosis

TSP: total suspended particles; PM₁₀: particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 10 µm; and PM_2.5: particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm.