Figure 10.

(a) Innate immunome chromatin looping makes long-range interactions that can be regulated by low-intensity ultrasound (LIUS). (a) Chromatin is a whole structure of complex DNA and proteins; it forms the chromosomes of eukaryotic organisms and is packaged inside the nucleus. Nucleosome is a basic unit of chromatin, consisting of a length of DNA coiled around a core of histones. (B) Chromatin looping makes gene promoter and distal regulatory elements come in close proximity and possibly interact with each other, which can be regulated by LIUS. (c) Long-range interactions allow communication between promoters and different distant regulatory elements (for a better understanding, please refer to Figure 4 of our recent paper published on Frontiers in Oncology 2019 at https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2019.00600/full). (b) LIUS modulates chromatin long-range interactions to regulate innatomic gene expressions in lymphoma cells (cancer cells) and bone marrow cells (the numbers of LIUS-regulated innatomic genes in preosteoblast cells were low so that chromatin long-range interaction data were too low to be analyzed). These results show that (i) the chromosome interaction zones are mostly located downstream of LIUS-upregulated innatomic genes in lymphoma cells, but the chromosome interaction zones are located in similar numbers both upstream and downstream of LIUS-upregulated genes in noncarcinoma cells, and (ii) the long-range interaction zones of LIUS-upregulated genes in lymphoma cells are located in a more concentrated manner both upstream and downstream (between 102 base pairs (bp) and 108 bp) than those of noncancer cells.