(a) Activating autophagy via the mTOR-independent pathway facilitates liver regeneration
| Author year | Research model | Autophagy pathway | Autophagy modulation | Enhanced autophagy | Increased regeneration | Reduced autophagy | Reduced regeneration |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Guha et al. [266] 2019 | Mice; MEFs; HEK293T cells | IPMK-AMPK-ULK1; IPMK-AMPK-SIRT1 | IPMK-KO | LC3-II: --- | Ki-67: --- Edu: --- |
||
| Jia et al. [267] 2019 | Male SD rats | Not investigated | 70% PVL | LC3-II: +++ | Cyclin D1: +++ | ||
| Liu et al. [10] 2018 | Male SD rats, primary rat hepatocytes | Not investigated | Young plasma Wortmannin 3-Methyladenine |
LC3-II: +++ p62: --- |
Ki-67: +++ | LC3-II: --- | Ki-67: --- |
| Wang et al. [268] 2017 | Male C57BL/6 mice; AML12 cell line | Not investigated | TSG-6 3-Methyladenine |
LC3-II: +++ Atg3: +++ Atg7: +++ |
Ki-67: +++ LBWR: +++ |
LC3-II: --- Atg3: --- Atg7: --- |
CellTiter Proliferation Assay: --- LBWR: --- |
| Lin et al. [265] 2015 | Male C57BL/6 mice | mTOR-independent | Amiodarone Atg7-KD |
LC3-II: +++ p62: --- |
Ki-67: +++ LBWR: +++ |
LC3-II: --- Atg7: --- |
Ki-67: --- LBWR: --- |
| Cheng et al. [251] 2015 | Liver progenitor cells | Not investigated | Beclin-1 overexpression Beclin-1-KD Atg5-KD |
LC3-II: +++ | PAS: +++ | LC3-II: --- p62: +++ Beclin-1: --- Atg5: --- |
PAS: --- CCK-8: --- |
| Toshima et al. [257] 2014 | Mice | Not investigated | Atg5-KO | LC3-II: --- p62: +++ Atg5: --- |
BrdU: --- |