Table 3.
Inclusion of the European Commission’s Digital Competence (DigComp) Framework criteria and quality assessment of the included studies.
| Measure | Literacy elementsa | Mode | Scoring | Reliability, Cronbach α | ||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
|
|||
| Attitude Toward Technologies Questionnaire (ATTQ) | Ob | O | Xc | X | X | Self-administered | 6 5-point Likert questions | 0.91 (Italy), 0.92 (Sweden) [50] |
| Adapted Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) | O | O | X | X | X | Self-administered | 6 7-point Likert questions | 0.91 (perceived ease of use), 0.97 (perceived usefulness), 0.96 (attitude toward using), 0.70 (actual system use) [51] |
| Attitudes Toward Computer/Internet Questionnaire (ATC/IQ) | O | X | X | X | X | Interview (semistructured) | 10 5-point Likert questions | 0.98 (usefulness), 0.94 (ease of use) [52], adapted by Choi and DiNitto [29] |
| Attitudes Towards Psychological Online Intervention Questionnaire (APOI) | O | X | X | X | X | Self-administered | 16 5-point Likert questions | 0.77 (total), 0.62 (skepticism and perception of risks), 0.62 (anonymity benefits), 0.64 (technologization threat), 0.72 (confidence in effectiveness) [53] |
| Computer Attitude Scale (CAS) | X | X | X | O | O | Self-administered | 4 10-point Likert questions | 0.95 (total), 0.90 (computer anxiety), 0.89 (computer confidence), 0.89 (computer liking), 0.82 (computer usefulness) [54] |
| eHealth Literacy Scale (eHEALS) | O | O | X | O | O | Self-administered | 8 5-point Likert questions | 0.88, 0.60-0.84 (range among items) [55] |
| Computer Proficiency Questionnaire (CPQ) | O | O | O | X | X | Self-administered | 33 5-point Likert questions | 0.98 (total for CPQ) 0.95 (total for CPQ-12), 0.91 (computer basics), 0.94 (printing), 0.95 (communication), 0.97 (internet), 0.96 (scheduling), 0.86 (multimedia) [56] |
| Mobile Device Proficiency Questionnaire (MDPQ) | O | O | O | O | O | Self-administered | 46 5-point Likert questions | 0.75 (MDPQ-46), 0.99 (MDPQ-16) [34] |
| Unified Theory of Acceptance and Usage of Technology (UTAUT) | O | O | O | X | O | Interview (face-to-face) | 15 7-point Likert questions | 0.7879-0.9497 [57] |
aEuropean Commission’s Digital Competence (DigComp) Framework criteria of (1) information and data literacy (browsing, searching, filtering data), (2) communication and collaboration (interacting, sharing, engaging in citizenship, collaborating), (3) digital content creation (developing, integrating, and re-elaborating digital content; copyright; licenses; programming), (4) safety (protecting devices, protecting personal data and privacy, protecting health and well-being), and (5) problem solving (solving technical problems, identifying needs and technological responses, creatively using digital technologies, identifying digital competence gaps) [18].
bO: included in the questionnaire.
cX: not included in the questionnaire.