Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of the Included Studies
| Author | Study design | Location or country | Sample size | Male (%) | Age (y) | Settings (%) | Asthma (%) | Poor outcomes (%)a | Quality score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| America | |||||||||
| Adrish et al17 | Retrospective | US | 469 | 279 (59.5) | N/R | Inpatient (100) | 83 (17.7) | N/R | 6 |
| Agarwal et al18 | Retrospective | US | 404 | 297 (73.5) | 61 (median) | Inpatient/Outpatient | 25 (6.2) | N/R | 7 |
| Argyropoulos et al19 | Retrospective | US | 205 | 108 (52.7) | N/R | Inpatient (19.5) Outpatient (80.5) |
26 (12.7) | N/R | 6 |
| Arshad et al20 | Retrospective | US | 2541 | 1298 (51.1) | 63.7 (mean) | Inpatient (100) | 251 (9.9) | N/R | 9 |
| Bajaj et al21 | Retrospective | US | 108 | 37 (34.3) | 61.3 (mean) | Inpatient (100) | 9 (8.3) | N/R | 6 |
| Broadhurst et al22 | Cross-sectional | US | 436 | 239 (50.1)b | 54.7 (mean) | Inpatient (100) | 53 (12.2) | 15 (10.8)b | 4 |
| Capone et al23 | Retrospective | US | 102 | 55 (53.9) | 63.3 (mean) | Inpatient (100) | 12 (11.8) | 12 (11.8) | 6 |
| Chachkhiani et al24 | Retrospective | US | 250 | 113 (45.2) | 60 (mean) | Inpatient (100) | 39 (15.6) | N/R | 7 |
| Chhiba et al25 | Retrospective | US | 1526 | 718 (47.1) | N/R | Inpatient (55.9) Outpatient (44.1) |
220 (14.4) | 8 (11.1) | 7 |
| Cummings et al26 | Prospective | US | 257 | 171 (66.5) | 62 (median) | Inpatient (100) | 21 (8.2) | 21 (8.2) | 7 |
| Enzmann et al27 | Retrospective | US | 150 | 85 (56.7) | 56 (median) | N/R | 27 (18.0) | N/R | 5 |
| Fox et al28 | Retrospective | US | 355 | 181 (51.0) | 66.2 (mean) | Inpatient (100) | 27 (7.6) | N/R | 7 |
| Garg et al29 | Retrospective | US | 178 | N/R | N/R | Inpatient (100) | 27 (17.0)b | N/R | 6 |
| Garibaldi et al30 | Retrospective | US | 832 | 443 (51.7) | 63 (median) | Inpatient (100) | 79 (9.5) | 24 (7.9) | 9 |
| Gavin et al31 | Retrospective | US | 140 | 72 (51.4) | 60 (mean) | Inpatient (100) | 15 (10.7) | 1 (5.6) | 8 |
| Gayam et al32 | Retrospective | US | 408 | 231 (56.6) | 67 (median) | Inpatient (100) | 54 (13.2) | 16 (12.1) | 7 |
| Gottlieb et al33 | Retrospective | US | 8673 | 4045 (46.6) | 41 (median) | Inpatient (17.1) Outpatient (82.9) |
736 (8.5) | N/R | 7 |
| Goyal et al34 | Retrospective | US | 1687 | 1004 (59.5) | 66.5 (median) | Inpatient (100) | 159 (9.4) | N/R | 7 |
| Gupta et al35 | Retrospective | US | 2215 | 1436 (64.8) | 60.5 (mean) | Inpatient (100) | 258 (11.6) | 70 (8.9) | 8 |
| Haberman et al36 | Prospective | US | 103 | 29 (28.2) | 52.7 (mean) | Inpatient (26.2) Outpatient (73.8) |
15 (14.6) | N/R | 6 |
| Hernandez-Galdamez et al10 | Cross-sectional | Mexico | 211003 | 115441 (54.7) | 45.7 (mean) | Inpatient (31.0) Outpatient (69.0) |
5854 (2.8) | 533 (2.1) | 7 |
| Jehi et al37 | Retrospective | US | 2852 | 1372 (48.1) | N/R | Inpatient (20.4) Outpatient (79.6) |
389 (13.6) | N/R | 6 |
| 1684 | 738 (43.8) | N/R | Inpatient (22.3) Outpatient (77.7) |
262 (15.6) | N/R | ||||
| Keller et al38 | Retrospective | US | 1806 | 965 (53.4) | 62.2 (mean) | Inpatient (100) | 344 (19.0) | N/R | 9 |
| Kim et al39 | Ambispective | US | 867 | 473 (54.6) | 56.9 (mean) | N/R | 91 (10.5) | 10 (8.3) | 9 |
| Ko et al40 | Retrospective | US | 5416 | 2847 (52.6) | N/R | N/R | 702 (13.0) | N/R | 8 |
| Krishnan et al41 | Retrospective | US | 152 | 95 (62.5) | 66 (mean) | Inpatient (100) | 25 (16.4) | 16 (17.4) | 6 |
| Lara et al42 | Retrospective | US | 121 | N/R | 64 (median) | Inpatient (54.5) Outpatient (45.5) |
10 (8.3) | 3 (15.0) | 6 |
| Latz et al6 | Retrospective | US | 1289 | 417 (32.4) | N/R | Inpatient (37.5) Outpatient (62.5) |
347 (26.9) | N/R | 7 |
| Lovinsky-Desir et al43 | Retrospective | US | 1298 | 762 (58.7) | N/R | Inpatient (100) | 163 (12.6) | 9 (8.2) | 8 |
| Maatman et al44 | Retrospective | US | 109 | 62 (56.9) | 61 (mean) | Inpatient (100) | 16 (14.7) | 16 (14.7) | 7 |
| Magagnoli et al45 | Retrospective | US | 807 | 772 (95.7) | N/R | Inpatient (100) | 40 (5.0) | N/R | 7 |
| Magleby et al46 | Retrospective | US | 678 | 414 (61.1) | N/R | Inpatient (100) | 62 (9.1) | N/R | 7 |
| McCarthy et al47 | Retrospective | US | 247 | 143 (57.9) | 61 (median) | Inpatient (100) | 29 (11.7) | 11 (9.8) | 7 |
| Mikami et al48 | Retrospective | US | 6493 | 3538 (54.5) | 59 (median) | Inpatient (55.1) Outpatient (42.9) |
271 (4.2) | 31 (3.8) | 6 |
| Moll et al49 | Retrospective | US | 210 | 101 (48.1) | 62.2 (mean) | Inpatient (100) | 35 (16.7) | 15 (14.7) | 6 |
| Mughal et al50 | Retrospective | US | 129 | 81 (62.8) | 63 (median) | Inpatient (100) | 3 (2.3) | 2 (6.7) | 6 |
| Mukherjee et al51 | Retrospective | US | 137 | 99 (72.3) | 59 (mean) | Inpatient (100) | 11 (8.0) | 11 (8.0) | 8 |
| Nakeshbandi et al52 | Retrospective | US | 504 | 263 (52.2) | 68 (median) | Inpatient (100) | 41 (8.1) | N/R | 8 |
| Ng et al53 | Retrospective | US | 10482 | 6239 (59.5) | N/R | Inpatient (100) | 859 (8.2) | N/R | 9 |
| Ortizz-Brizuela et al54 | Prospective | Mexico | 309 | 183 (59.2) | 43 (median) | Inpatient (45.3) Outpatient (54.7) |
9 (2.9) | 0 (0.0) | 9 |
| Ramachandran et al55 | Retrospective | US | 145 | 79 (54.5) | N/R | Inpatient (100) | 23 (15.9) | N/R | 8 |
| Richardson et al56 | Retrospective | US | 5700 | 3437 (60.3) | 63 (median) | Inpatient (100) | 479 (9.0) | N/R | 8 |
| Robilotti et al57 | Retrospective | US | 423 | 212 (50.1) | N/R | Inpatient (42.6) Outpatient (57.4) |
43 (10.2) | N/R | 6 |
| Santos et al11 | Retrospective | Brazil | 21408 | 12667 (59.2) | N/R | Inpatient (100) | 488 (5.7)b | 488 (5.7)b | 7 |
| Shady et al58 | Ambispective | US | 371 | 249 (67.1) | 57 (median) | Inpatient (100) | 42 (11.4)b | N/R | 6 |
| Shah et al59 | Retrospective | US | 522 | 218 (41.8) | 63 (median) | Inpatient (100) | 68 (13.0) | 11 (12.0) | 6 |
| Silver et al60 | Retrospective | US | 249 | 110 (44.2) | 59.6 (mean) | Inpatient (100) | 49 (20.0) | N/R | 8 |
| Singer et al61 | Retrospective | US | 1651 | 892 (54.0) | 50 (mean) | Inpatient (45.0) Outpatient (55.0) |
106 (6.4) | N/R | 6 |
| Sinha et al62 | Retrospective | US | 255 | 161 (63.1) | 59 (median) | Inpatient (100) | 29 (11.4) | N/R | 8 |
| Skipper et al63 | RCT | US and Canada | 212 | 89 (42.0) | 41 (median) | Outpatient (100) | 28 (13.2) | N/R | 9 |
| 211 | 96 (45.5) | 39 (median) | Outpatient (100) | 20 (9.5) | N/R | ||||
| Smith et al64 | Retrospective | US | 184 | 98 (53.3) | 64.4 (mean) | Inpatient (100) | 18 (9.8) | N/R | 6 |
| Somers et al65 | Retrospective | US | 154 | 102 (66.2) | 58 (mean) | Inpatient (100) | 31 (20.1) | 31 (20.1) | 9 |
| Souza et al66 | Cross-sectional | Brazil | 197 | 92 (46.7) | N/R | N/R | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.5) | 5 |
| Suleyman et al67 | Retrospective | US | 463 | 204 (44.1) | 57.5 (mean) | Inpatient (76.7) Outpatient (23.3) |
73 (15.8) | 19 (13.5) | 8 |
| Tartof et al68 | Retrospective | US | 6916 | 3111 (45.0) | 49 (median) | N/R | 1273 (18.4) | 44 (21.4) | 8 |
| Tenforde et al69 | Cross-sectional | US | 350 | 165 (47.1) | 43 (median) | Inpatient (22.6) Outpatient (77.4) |
55 (15.7) | N/R | 7 |
| Twigg et al70 | Retrospective | US | 242 | 141 (58.3) | 59.6 (mean) | Inpatient (100) | 34 (14.0) | 34 (14.0) | 7 |
| Vaughn et al71 | Retrospective | US | 1705 | 885 (51.9) | 64.7 (median) | Inpatient (100) | 215 (12.6) | N/R | 7 |
| Yao et al72 | Retrospective | US | 242 | 138 (57.0) | N/R | Inpatient (100) | 28 (11.6) | N/R | 7 |
| Yehia et al7 | Retrospective | US | 11210 | 5583 (49.8) | 61 (median) | Inpatient (100) | 628 (5.6) | N/R | 8 |
| Zhao et al73 | Retrospective | US | 641 | 384 (59.9) | 60 (median) | Inpatient (100) | 41 (6.9)b | 16 (8.2) | 8 |
| Zuniga-Moya et al74 | Retrospective | Honduras | 877 | 538 (61.3) | N/R | Inpatient (25.1) Outpatient (74.9) |
31 (3.5) | 3 (7.9) | 10 |
| Asia | |||||||||
| Almazeedi et al9 | Retrospective | Kuwait | 1096 | 888 (81.0) | 41 (median) | Inpatient (100) | 43 (3.9) | 4 (21.1) | 9 |
| Alsofayan et al75 | Retrospective | Saudi Arabia | 1519 | 825 (54.3) | N/R | N/R | 54 (4.9)b | N/R | 5 |
| Asghar et al76 | Retrospective | Pakistan | 100 | 69 (69.0) | 52.6 (mean) | Inpatient (100) | 2 (2.0) | N/R | 6 |
| Gao et al77 | Retrospective | China | 2877 | 1470 (51.1) | N/R | Inpatient (100) | 22 (0.8) | N/R | 10 |
| Huang et al78 | Retrospective | China | 336 | 182 (54.2) | 43 (median) | Inpatient (100) | 5 (1.5) | N/R | 7 |
| Li et al79 | Ambispective | China | 548 | 279 (50.9) | 60 (median) | Inpatient (100) | 5 (0.9) | 3 (1.1) | 8 |
| Lian et al80 | Retrospective | China | 232 | 109 (47.0) | N/R | Inpatient (100) | 4 (1.7) | 3 (3.3) | 6 |
| Liu et al81 | Retrospective | China | 104 | 63 (60.6) | 42 (medina) | Inpatient (100) | 12 (11.5) | 6 (20.0) | 7 |
| Mao et al82 | Retrospective | China | 188 | 94 (50.0) | 46 (mean) | Inpatient (100) | 2 (1.1) | N/R | 9 |
| Ozger et al83 | Retrospective | Turkey | 175 | 74 (42.3) | N/R | Inpatient (100) | 9 (5.1) | N/R | 5 |
| Pan et al84 | Retrospective | China | 996 | 465 (46.7) | N/R | Inpatient (100) | 12 (1.2) | N/R | 7 |
| Satici et al85 | Retrospective | Turkey | 681 | 347 (51.0) | 56.9 (mean) | Inpatient (100) | 43 (6.3) | 1 (1.8) | 7 |
| Song et al86 | Retrospective | China | 961 | 500 (52.0) | 63 (median) | Inpatient (100) | 22 (2.3) | 1 (0.4) | 7 |
| Sy et al87 | Retrospective | Philippines | 530 | 373 (70.4) | 48.9 (mean) | N/R | 21 (4.0) | N/R | 8 |
| Tezcan et al88 | Retrospective | Turkey | 408 | 188 (46.1) | 54.3 (mean) | Inpatient (100) | 32 (7.8) | N/R | 5 |
| Trabulus et al89 | Retrospective | Turkey | 336 | 192 (57.1) | 55 (mean) | Inpatient (100) | 20 (6.0) | 1 (2.3) | 7 |
| Tsou et al90 | Retrospective | Taiwan | 100 | 44 (44.0) | 44 (median) | Inpatient (100) | 3 (3.0) | N/R | 5 |
| Wang et al91 | Retrospective | China | 123 | 60 (48.8) | 68 (median) | Inpatient (100) | 1 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | 6 |
| Yang et al92 | Retrospective | Korea | 7340 | 2970 (40.5) | 47.1 (mean) | Inpatient (100) | 725 (9.9) | N/R | 8 |
| Yu et al93 | Retrospective | China | 142 | 81 (57.0) | 61.9 (mean) | Inpatient (100) | 1 (0.7) | N/R | 8 |
| Zhang et al4 | Retrospective | China | 289 | 154 (53.3) | 57 (median) | Inpatient (100) | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.8) | 8 |
| Zhou et al94 | Retrospective | China | 110 | 60 (54.5) | 57.7 (mean) | Outpatient (100) | 1 (0.9) | N/R | 7 |
| Europe | |||||||||
| Alkundi et al95 | Retrospective | UK | 232 | 145 (62.5) | 70.5 (mean) | Inpatient (100) | 6 (2.6) | 0 (0.0) | 6 |
| Avdeev et al96 | Retrospective | Russia | 1307 | N/R | N/R | Inpatient (100) | 23 (1.8) | 23 (1.8) | 3 |
| Azoulay et al97 | Retrospective | France | 379 | 292 (77.0) | 66 (median) | Inpatient (100) | 23 (6.1)b | 23 (6.1)b | 7 |
| Barillari et al98 | Cross-sectional | Italy | 294 | 147 (50.0) | 42.1 (mean) | Inpatient (16.3) Outpatient (83.7) |
18 (6.1) | N/R | 4 |
| Barroso et al99 | Retrospective | Spain | 189 | N/R | N/R | Inpatient (100) | 11 (5.8) | N/R | 6 |
| Berenguer et al100 | Retrospective | Spain | 4035 | 2433 (61.0) | 70 (median) | Inpatient (100) | 299 (7.5)b | 69 (6.2)b | 10 |
| Beurnier et al101 | Prospective | France | 768 | N/R | N/R | Inpatient (100) | 37 (4.8) | N/R | 5 |
| Cellina et al102 | Retrospective | Italy | 246 | 170 (69.1) | 63 (mean) | Inpatient (100) | 10 (4.1) | N/R | 8 |
| Docherty et al103 | Prospective | UK | 20133 | 12068 (59.9) | 72.9 (median) | Inpatient (100) | 2540 (14.5)b | N/R | 9 |
| Fang et al104 | Retrospective | UK | 100 | 60 (60.0) | N/R | Inpatient (100) | 11 (11.0) | N/R | 9 |
| Ferrando et al105 | Prospective | Spain and Andorra | 742 | 504 (68.1)b | 64 (median) | Inpatient (100) | 19 (2.6) | 19 (2.6) | 10 |
| Fond et al106 | Retrospective | France | 1092 | 593 (54.3) | 62.5 (median) | Inpatient (100) | 71 (6.5) | N/R | 8 |
| Garcia-Pachon et al107 | Retrospective | Spain | 376 | 192 (51.1) | 54 (median) | Inpatient (42.0) Outpatient (58.0) |
10 (2.7) | N/R | 4 |
| Grandbastien et al108 | Retrospective | France | 106 | 66 (62.3) | 63.5 (median) | Inpatient (100) | 23 (21.7) | N/R | 7 |
| Helms et al109 | Prospective | France | 140 | 100 (71.4) | 62 (median) | Inpatient (100) | 5 (3.6) | 5 (3.6) | 10 |
| Ierardi et al110 | Retrospective | Italy | 234 | 70 (30.0) | 61.6 (mean) | Inpatient (100) | 10 (4.3) | N/R | 5 |
| Joseph et al111 | Retrospective | France | 100 | 70 (70.0) | 59 (median) | Inpatient (100) | 8 (8.0) | N/R | 7 |
| Lechien et al112 | Retrospective | Europec | 702 | 206 (29.3) | 40.3 (median) | N/R | 42 (6.0) | N/R | 6 |
| Lendorf et al113 | Retrospective | Denmark | 111 | 67 (60.4) | 68 (median) | Inpatient (100) | 12 (10.8) | 2 (10.0) | 8 |
| Lenti et al114 | Retrospective | Italy | 100 | 79 (79.0) | 70 (median) | Inpatient (100) | 6 (6.0) | N/R | 7 |
| Lombardi et al115 | Retrospective | Italy | 1043 | 704 (67.5) | N/R | Inpatient (100) | 20 (1.9) | N/R | 5 |
| Lund et al116 | Retrospective | Denmark | 9236 | 3892 (42.1) | 50 (median) | N/R | 629 (6.8) | N/R | 8 |
| Maguire et al117 | Retrospective | UK | 224 | 124 (55.4) | N/R | Inpatient (100) | 46 (20.5) | 4 (7.7) | 8 |
| Martinez-Del Rio et al118 | Retrospective | Spain | 921 | 500 (54.3) | 78 (mean) | Inpatient (100) | 39 (4.2) | 9 (3.6) | 8 |
| Perez-Guzman et al119 | Retrospective | UK | 614 | 382 (62.2) | 69 (median) | Inpatient (100) | 56 (9.1) | N/R | 7 |
| Poblador-Plou et al120 | Retrospective | Spain | 771 | 407 (52.8) | 84.2 (mean) | N/R | 25 (3.2) | 25 (3.2) | 6 |
| Sapey et al121 | Retrospective | UK | 2217 | 1290 (58.2) | 73 (median) | Inpatient (100) | 439 (19.8) | 143 (18.6) | 8 |
| Siso-Almirall et al8 | Retrospective | Spain | 322 | 161 (50.0) | 56.7 (mean) | Inpatient (49.1) Outpatient (50.9) |
13 (4.0) | 2 (3.6) | 7 |
| Middle East | |||||||||
| Jalili et al122 | Retrospective | Iran | 28981 | 16361 (56.5) | 57.3 (mean) | Inpatient (100) | 573 (2.0) | 141 (2.5) | 7 |
| Othersc | |||||||||
| COVIDSurg Collaborative123 | Retrospective | Countries | 1128 | 605 (53.6) | N/R | Inpatient (100) | 78 (7.0)b | 21 (7.8) | 9 |
| Mato et al124 | Retrospective | Countries | 198 | 125 (63.1) | 70.5 (median) | Inpatient (89.9) Outpatient (10.1) |
12 (6.1)b | 7 (10.8) | 7 |
| Olender et al125 | RCT | Countries | 298 | 182 (61.1) | N/R | Inpatient (100) | 42 (14.1) | N/R | 8 |
| Retrospective | Countries | 816 | 490 (60.0) | N/R | Inpatient (100) | 90 (11.0) | N/R |
Abbreviations: N/R, not (clearly) reported; RCT, randomized controlled trial; UK, United Kingdom; US, United States.
a
The prevalence of asthma in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 with poor outcomes.
b
Data missing for patients.
c
Patients were collected from multiple countries of different regions.