Table 3.

Univariate and multivariable logistic regression for COVID-19 distress.

Factors	Univariate		Multivariable model 1a		Multivariable model 2b
	Crude OR (95% CI)	p-value	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	p-value	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	p-value
Nationality
Nepal	Reference		Reference		Reference
Bangladesh	7.85 (5.22–11.78)	<0.001	7.42 (4.93–11.18)	<0.001	8.12 (5.34–12.34)	<0.001
Egypt	10.85 (6.97–16.91)	<0.001	9.62 (6.15–15.04)	<0.001	10.54 (6.68–16.61)	<0.001
India	3.92 (2.58–5.95)	<0.001	3.78 (2.48–5.74)	<0.001	4.17 (2.72–6.39)	<0.001
Indonesia	4.14 (2.82–6.07)	<0.001	3.81 (2.60–5.60)	<0.001	3.65 (2.48–5.38)	<0.001
Iran	6.50 (4.44–9.51)	<0.001	5.68 (3.86–8.34)	<0.001	6.23 (4.20–9.24)	<0.001
Malaysia	3.41 (2.33–5.00)	<0.001	3.11 (2.12–4.56)	<0.001	3.29 (2.23–4.86)	<0.001
Myanmar	6.18 (4.10–9.31)	<0.001	5.90 (3.91,8.90)	<0.001	6.08 (4.02–9.19)	<0.001
Philippines	6.55 (4.31–9.95)	<0.001	6.10 (4.01–9.28)	<0.001	6.58 (4.30–10.07)	<0.001
Sri Lanka	2.23 (1.44–3.46)	<0.001	2.01 (1.30–3.13)	<0.001	2.23 (1.42–3.50)	<0.001
Thailand	2.38 (1.55–3.66)	<0.001	2.23 (1.45–3.43)	<0.001	2.44 (1.57–3.79)	<0.001
Turkey	4.43 (2.95–6.66)	<0.001	4.44 (2.95–6.68)	<0.001	4.50 (2.99–6.78)	<0.001
Vietnam	105.09 (60.32–183.09)	<0.001	99.54 (57.09–173.55)	<0.001	107.91 (61.46–189.46)	<0.001
Age	0.991 (0.987–0.995)	<0.001	0.997 (0.993–1.001)	0.155	0.996 (0.991–1.001)	0.123
Sex (Female)	1.26 (1.15–1.39)	<0.001	1.27 (1.14–1.42)***	<0.001	1.30 (1.16–1.45)	<0.001
Education
Primary/Sec	Reference				Reference
Tertiary	1.22 (1.10–1.35)	<0.001			0.85 (0.74–0.97)	0.018
Employment
Student	Reference				Reference
Employed	1.20 (1.06–1.35)	0.003			1.03 (0.88–1.20)	0.744
Unemployed	1.25 (1.08–1.44)	0.002			0.98 (0.82–1.17)	0.820

*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.

^aNationality, age and sex (n = 7091).

^bModel 1 + education and employment (n = 7088).