Table 1.
Study characteristics of the subgroup of 29 studies that met the inclusion criteria and reported combined associations between eGFR, albuminuria and the risk of adverse clinical outcomes
| Author | Year | Country | Study design | Setting | Sample size | Median eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) |
CKD stages included (% of cohort)* |
Follow-up (years) | Outcome definition | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | 3a | 3b | 4 | 5 | |||||||||
| Alonso et al. [28] | 2011 | USA | Prospective observational cohort | Population | 10,328 | NR | 59 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 1 | NR | 10.1 | Atrial fibrillation |
| Amin et al. [29] | 2013 | USA | Prospective observational cohort | Population | 42,761 | NR | 45 | 13 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 4.0 | All-cause mortality |
| Berhane et al. [30] | 2011 | USA | Prospective observational cohort | Population | 2420 | 110 | 8.8 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 0.6 | NR | 10.2 | All-cause mortality |
| Blecker et al. [31] | 2011 | USA | Prospective observational cohort | Population | 10,975 | NR | 62.4 | 8.1 | 1.3 | NR | NR | 8.3 | Heart failure |
| Deo et al. [32] | 2017 | USA | Prospective observational cohort | Population | 27,296 | NR | 44 | 7.3 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 6.1 | Sudden cardiac death |
| Kovesdy et al. [33] | 2013 | USA | Prospective observational cohort | Database | 298,875 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 5.0 | All-cause mortality |
| Muntner et al. [34] | 2011 | USA | Prospective observational cohort | Population | 24,350 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 4.5 | All-cause mortality |
| Yuyun et al. [35] | 2004 | UK | Prospective observational cohort | Population | 20,911 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 6.3 | All-cause mortality, CV-specific mortality, CV events |
| Bruno et al. [36] | 2007 | Italy | Prospective observational cohort | Population | 1565 | NR | 57.4 | 25.6 | 6.8 | 1.5 | NR | 11.0 | CV-specific and all-cause mortality |
| Garofolo et al. [37] | 2018 | Italy | Prospective observational cohort | Secondary care (Outpatient) | 774 | 95.2 | 3.4 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 8.3 | All-cause mortality |
| Nerpin et al. [38] | 2011 | Sweden | Prospective observational cohort | Population | 1113 | 75 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 12.9 | All-cause mortality |
| Sasso et al. [39] | 2012 | Italy | Prospective observational cohort | Secondary care (outpatient) | 742 | 66 | 43.5 | 17.2 | 17.2 | 5.1 | 0.8 | 4.6 | CV event |
| Solini et al. [40] | 2012 | Italy | Prospective observational cohort | Secondary care (outpatient) | 15,773 | NR | 45 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 1 | 1 | NR | CV disease |
| van der Velde et al. [41] | 2010 | The Netherlands | Prospective observational cohort | Population | 8047 | 81 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 7.0 | CV event |
| Vlek et al. [42] | 2008 | The Netherlands | Prospective observational cohort | Primary and secondary care | 2600 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 4.0 | CV-specific mortality, all-cause mortality, CV event |
| Lim et al. [43] | 2015 | Singapore | Prospective observational cohort | Population | 7098 | NR | 87.84 | 8.49 | NR | NR | NR | 4.3 | Incident CV disease and all-cause mortality |
| So et al. [44] | 2006 | Hong Kong | Prospective observational cohort | Secondary care (outpatient) | 4421 | 91 | 37 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 1.6 | 0 | 3.3 | Composite of CV mortality, angina, MI, stroke, revascularization, or HF |
| Wada et al. [45] | 2014 | Japan | Retrospective observational cohort | Secondary care (outpatient) | 4,328 | 77 | 47.4 | 14.8 | 7.2 | 2.7 | 0.1 | 7.0 | All-cause mortality and CV event |
| Wang et al. [46] | 2017 | China | Prospective observational cohort | Population | 47,204 | 92 | 40.1 | NR | NR | NR | NR | 6.1 | CV-specific and all-cause mortality |
| Wen et al. [47] | 2008 | Taiwan | Prospective observational cohort | Population | 56,977 | 69 | 37.7 | 22.5 | 22.5 | 1.3 | 0.7 | 13.0 | CV-specific and all-cause mortality |
| Yokoyama et al. [48] | 2008 | Japan | Cross-sectional | Primary and secondary care | 3002 | NR | NR | NR | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | NR | CV disease |
| Zhang et al. [49] | 2015 | China | Prospective observational cohort | Population | 20,702 | 94 | 29.4 | NR | NR | NR | NR | 4.5 | Stroke |
| Molnar et al. [50] | 2017 | Canada | Retrospective observational cohort | Database | 736,666 | 84 | NR | 5.75 | 5.75 | 1.2 | 0.2 | 6.0 | Incident atrial fibrillation |
| Salles et al. [51] | 2011 | Brazil | Prospective observational cohort | Secondary care (outpatient) | 531 | 77 | 35 | 14 | 14 | 5 | 0 | 4.9 | CV-specific and all-cause mortality |
| Tonelli et al. [52] | 2011 | Canada | Prospective observational cohort | Secondary care (outpatient) | 920,985 | NR | 64.9 | 8.7 | 1.8 | 0.4 | 0 | 2.9 | All-cause mortality, acute MI, stroke or TIA |
| Clase et al. [53] | 2011 | Multinational | Prospective observational cohort | Secondary care (outpatient) | 27,620 | 73 | 37.7 | 19 | 5 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 4.6 | Composite of CV death, MI, stroke, or HF |
| Matsushita et al. [54] | 2010 | USA and the Netherlands | Prospective observational cohort | Population | 1,128,310 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 7.9 | CV-specific and all-cause mortality |
| Ninomiya et al. [55] | 2009 | Multinational | Pooled analysis from a randomised controlled trial | Secondary care (outpatient) | 10,640 | 76 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 4.0 | Composite of CV disease and CV-specific death |
| Wang et al. [56] | 2018 | USA and China | Prospective observational cohort | Database | 25,269 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 6.9 | All-cause mortality |
CKD chronic kidney disease, CV cardiovascular, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, HF heart failure, MI myocardial infarction, NR not reported, TIA transient ischaemic attack, UK United Kingdom, USA United States of America
*All studies listed in this table reported combined associations between CKD and albuminuria stage and outcome; however, many did not report the proportions of patients at each CKD stage alone