Costs associated with the management of CKD are significant and are projected to rise alongside the increasing prevalence of CKD due to ageing populations and an increased prevalence of comorbidities

The aim of this study was to quantify the costs and impact on service delivery that CV morbidity associated with CKD—as categorised by KDIGO classification—imposes on healthcare providers in both US and UK settings

The risk of CV morbidity and the costs and bed days associated with its management increased substantially with CKD severity

Albuminuria was a significant driver of the health economic burden associated with the management of CKD-related CV morbidity; costs and bed days associated with managing a patient with macroalbuminuria are four to eight times greater than for a patient with normoalbuminuria at the same CKD stage

The results highlight the clinical and economic importance of early diagnosis and proactive management of CKD to reduce the risk of adverse clinical outcomes and their associated burden