Table 1.
Basic and metabolic characteristics of the study participants
| Control (N = 40) | DWR (N = 50) | NPDR (N = 30) | PDR (N = 42) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, year | 60.3 (10.2) | 61.7 (11.5) | 60.5 (11.3) | 58.0 (8.4) | 0.414 |
| Male | 21 (52.5%) | 29 (58%) | 18 (60%) | 17 (40.5%) | 0.294 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.2 (3.8) | 23.6 (3.2) | 23.5 (3.0) | 24.0 (3.2) | 0.781 |
| Diabetes duration, year | NA | 10 (2.5–18.3) | 10.5 (5.8–20) | 13 (8–20) | 0.418 a |
| Hypertension | 14 (35%) | 30 (60%) | 15 (50%) | 22 (52.4%) | 0.127 |
| CHD | 1 (2.5%) | 6 (12%) | 5 (16.7%) | 2 (4.8%) | 0.118 |
| DN | NA | 4 (8%) | 3 (10%) | 4 (9.5%) | 0.260a |
| FPG, mmol/L | 4.7 (4.4–5.0) | 6.8 (5.7–8.4)* | 7.4 (6.2–9.5)* | 5.4 (4.2–7.7) *# ‡ | < 0.001 |
| HbA1c, % | NA | 9.4 (8.0–10.9) | 8.9 (7.9–11.0) | 7.3 (6.5–8.8) # ‡ | < 0.001a |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | NA | 79 (64–96) | 74 (63–97) | 56 (48–73) # ‡ | < 0.001a |
| Triglyceride, mmol/L | 1.44 (1.00–1.93) | 1.24 (0.87–1.73) | 1.5 (0.99–2.03) | 1.27 (0.94–1.87) | 0.464 |
| TC, mmol/L | 4.45 (4.13–5.02) | 4.08 (3.47–4.87) | 4.22 (3.3–5.14) | 4.32 (3.83–5.06) | 0.295 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.10 (0.89–1.26) | 0.96 (0.81–1.15) | 1.02 (0.85–1.37) | 1.03 (0.86–1.29) | 0.226 |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 2.59 (2.33–3.21) | 2.36 (1.91–3.12) | 2.12 (1.62–3.15) | 2.53 (2.03–3.0) | 0.277 |
| SCr, mg/dL | 0.70 (0.60–0.83) | 0.62 (0.51–0.71) | 0.70 (0.54–0.86) | 0.65 (0.50–0.86) | 0.180 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 99.56 (91.34–104.72) | 103.10 (94.42–114.64) | 101.98 (85.78–112.00) | 100.41 (82.96–112.48) | 0.379 |
| TMAO, µmol/L | 0.357 (0.218–0.454) | 0.458 (0.301–0.690)* | 0.687 (0.340–1.015)* | 0.793 (0.388–1.240)*# | < 0.001 |
P values among four or three (a) groups were obtained by one-way ANOVA or Kruskal–Wallis test for continuous variables and Chi-Square test for categorical variables. In post hoc pairwise comparison with Bonferroni correction, *P < 0.05 compared with control; # P < 0.05 compared with DWR; ‡ P < 0.05 compared with NPDR
Control, patients without diabetes; DWR, diabetes without diabetic retinopathy; NPDR, nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy; PDR, proliferative diabetic retinopathy; BMI, body mass index; CHD, coronary heart disease; DN, diabetic nephropathy; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; SCr, serum creatinine; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; TMAO, trimethylamine-N-oxide; NA, not available