. 2021 Feb 4;12:633081. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.633081

Table 2.

Results: association between impaired awareness and depression, anxiety, and apathy; data and summary of results.

References	Awareness tool Awareness domain or deficit	NPS tool Neuropsychiatric symptom assessed	Statistical data
Amanzio et al. (27)	AQ-D Global awareness Cognitive awareness Behavioral awareness iAD awareness	HAMD and MAS Apathy Apathy Apathy Apathy	β = 0.41; p = 0.000009^b β = 0.41; p = 0.000005^b β= 0.30; p = 0.002^b β = 0.41; p = 0.000003^b
Bertrand et al. (28)	AQ-D Awareness of condition Awareness of executive function	GDS Depression Depression	r = 0.50; p = 0.025^a r = 0.43; p = 0.058^a
Chen et al. (29)	GRAD Memory deficits Behavioral/psychotic symptoms Memory deficits Behavioral/psychotic symptoms	CSDD Depression Depression AES-I Apathy Apathy	OR = 0.74; 95% CI: 0.62–0.89; p = 0.001^a t = 1.10; p < 0.278^c t = −0.98; p < 0.329^c OR = 1.00; 95% CI:0.94–1.06; p = 0.968^c
Cines et al. (30)	ARS Memory deficits	GDSa Depression	t = 6.53; p = 0.02^a
Clare et al. (31)	MARS Memory deficits	HADS Depression	r = −0.7; p < 0.05)^a
Clare et al. (4)	Multidimensional approach+ Implicit and explicit awareness Implicit and explicit awareness	HADS Anxiety Depression	F = 3.58; p < 0.05^a F = 2.03; p = 0.138^c
Conde-Sala et al. (32)	AQ-D Global awareness Global awareness	GDS-d Depression NPI Apathy	OR = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.54–0.82; p < 0.001^a Data not reported^b
Conde-Sala et al. (33)	AQ-D Global awareness	GDS-d Depression	r = −0.46; p < 0.001 [mild AD group]^a r = −0.36; p < 0.016 [moderate AD group]^a
Debettignies et al. (34)	P-C discrepancy score Global insight	HAM-D Depression	r = 0.029; p < 0.865^c
Derousne et al. (35)	P-C discrepancy score Global unawareness Global unawareness	PBQ Apathy ZA Anxiety	r = 0.35. No p-value available^b r = −0.3. No p-value available^a
Gilleen et al. (36)	SAI Global SUMD MD Illness MARS Memory deficits PCRS Functioning DEX Cognitive	BDI Depression Depression Depression Depression Depression	r = 0.52; p < 0.05^a r = −0.68; p < 0.001^a r = 0.68; p < 0.01^a r = 0.50; p < 0.05^a r = 0.39; p-not significant, not reported^c
Horning et al. (37)	NRS Insight item Insight item	NRS Anxiety Depression AES Apathy	F = 4.80; p = 0.03^a F = 6.00; p = 0.02^a F = 6.64; p = 0.01^b
Jacus et al. (38)	SCS Global awareness PCRS Global awareness Global awareness	AES Apathy BDI-II Depression AES Apathy STAI-T Anxiety	OR = 4.8, 95% CI: 1.14–20.8; p = 0.03^b OR = 4.84, 95% CI: 1.08–21.58; p = 0.04^a OR = 9.3, 95% CI: 2.18–39.96; p = 0.003^b ρ: 0.408; p = 0.009^a
Kashiwa et al. (39)	Squire & Zouzuris Anosognosia S. Global anosognosia	GDS Depression	r = −0.294; p < 0.05^a
Lacerda et al. (16)	ASPIDD Global awareness Awareness of emotional state Awareness of social functioning and relationships.	CSDD Depression Depression Depression	r = 0.27; p < 0.01^a r = 0.38; p < 0.01^a r = 0.30; p < 0.01^a
Lehrner et al. (40)	Subtracting method Awareness of memory deficits	BDI-II Depression	r = −0.28; p = n.s^c
Mak et al. (41)	AQD Total Intellectual function Total Intellectual Function	AES Apathy Apathy GDS Depression Depression	β = 0.41; p = 0.021^b β = 0.43; p = 0.015^b β = −0.1; p = 0.600^c β = −0.16; p = 0.396^c
Nakaaki et al. (42)	P-C discrepancy Awareness of memory deficits	CES-D Depression HRSD Depression	Data missing. P = 0.002; p < 0.001^b.
Oba et al. (43)	Squire and Zouzuris Anosognosia Anosognosia for memory deficits	GDS Depression	β = −0.25; p = 0.006^a
Smith et al. (44)	AII Awareness of deficits	GDS Depression	r = −0.58, p = 0.006^a
Sousa et al. (45)	ASPIDD Awareness of disease	CSDD Depression- Baseline depression- Follow up depression	ρ = 0.117; p = 0.339^c ρ = 0.254; p = 0.06^c
Spalletta et al. (46)	AQ-D Global awareness Global awareness	NPI Apathy Depression	t = −3.570; p = 0.0005^b X² = 0.1510, p = 0.1653^c
Starkstein et al. (5)	AQ-D Global anosognosia	SCID Apathy	N.D^b
Starkstein et al. (23)	AQ-D Global anosognosia	AS Apathy	F = 19.1; p = 0.0001^b
Turro-Garriga et al. (47)	AQ-D Incident global anosognosia Persistent global anosognosia	NPI Apathy (incidence vs. persistence) Apathy (incidence vs. remission) Depression	U: 3.1 (3.6); p < 0.05^b U: 5.7 (4.2); p < 0.05^b No significant; data not available^c
Verhulsdonk et al. (6)	AQ-D Global anosognosia Global anosognosia	NPI Depression NOSGER Mood	r: 0.53; p = 0.001^b r: 0.50; p = 0.001^b
Vogel et al. (48)	ARS Global anosognosia	CSDD Depression	r: 0.07; p = 0.22^c

Negative association between impaired awareness and affective symptom (lack of awareness associated with fewer affective symptoms);

positive association between impaired awareness and affective symptoms (lack of awareness associated with greater affective symptoms);

no association; between impaired awareness and affective symptom; N.D, no data available; n.s, no significant; OR, odd ratio; CI, Confidence interval; r, Pearson correlation; p, p-value; t, t-test; ρ, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient; β, standardized beta coefficient; F, F-value; X², chi-square value; z, z-standardized score; γ, Goodman and Kruskal's gamma; AQ-D, Anosognosia Questionnaire for Dementia; CIR, Clinical Insight Ratings Scale; GRAD, Guideline for the Rating of Awareness Deficits; ARS, Anosognosia Rating Scale; MARS, Memory Awareness Rating Scale; P-C discrepancy, patient-carer discrepancy; PBQ, Psychobehavioural Questionnaire; SAI-E, Assessment of Insight-Extended scale; SUMD-MD, Scale for the Unawareness of Mental Disorders; aPCRS, amended Patient Competency Rating Scale; DEX, Dysexecutive Questionnaire; NRS, Neurobehavioral Rating Scale; SCS-AD, Self-Consciousness Scale in AD; AII, Assessment of Impaired Insight; ASPIDD, Assessment Scale of Psychosocial Impact of the Diagnosis of Dementia; VSRT, Verbal Selective Reminding Test; FAI, Forgetfulness Assessment Inventory; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; HAM-D, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression; CSDD, Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia; BDI-II, Beck Depression Inventory-II; NPI, Neuropsychiatric Inventory; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; CAPE, Behavior Problems Checklist of the Clifton Assessment Procedures for the Elderly; SCID, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5; CES-D, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; U, Mann-Whitney U Test; NOSGER, Nurse's Observational Scale for Geriatric Patients; AES, Apathy Evaluation Scale; AE, The Apathy Scale; PBQ, Psychobehavioural Questionnaire; MAS, Mania Assessment Scale; C.D, clinical diagnostic criteria; DPS, Dementia Psychosis Scale; NRS, Neurobehavioral Rating Scale; STAI, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; ZA, Zung Self-Rating Scales for Anxiety; BPC, Behavioral Problem Checklist; DS, Disinhibition Scale; iADL, instrumental activities of daily living; [ ], subgroup analysis.