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. 2021 Feb 17;11:3951. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-83602-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Rain Plot of single time point metabolites Increased in Women. Correlations between individual metabolites and sex at day 0, 3 or 7 were determined utilizing linear regression models correcting for age, SAPS II, admission diagnosis, 25(OH)D at day 0. Day 3 and 7 estimates were also corrected for absolute change in 25(OH)D level at day 3. The magnitude of beta coefficient estimates (effect size) is shown by a color fill scale and the corresponding significance level (− log₁₀(P-value)) is represented by size of the circle. The intensity of the red fill color represents an increase in effect size for that metabolite in women compared to men. Statistical significance is the multiple test-corrected threshold of − log₁₀(P-value) > 4.06 which is equivalent to P-value < 8.65 × 10⁻⁵.