Table 1.

Examples of existing systems genetics reference populations and cell lines (where applicable) for in vitro applications.

Organism	Genetics	Panel	Derivation	System	Sources
Human	Heterogeneous	HipSci	iPSC lines derived from ~150 rare disease and ~500 healthy donors	hiPSCs	[19-21]
	Heterogeneous	iPSCORE	hiPSC lines derived from ~220 donors including matched familial and twin lines	hiPSCs	[10]
	Heterogeneous	Lymphoblastoid cell lines	Derived from peripheral blood of donor populations [e.g. 1,000 Genomes, HapMap Projects, NHGRI Human Genetics Cell Repository]	LCLs	[103], Coriell Cell Repository
Mouse	Inbred strains	Hybrid mouse diversity panel (HMDP), Mouse Phenome Panel	Collections of diverse and well characterized inbred strains	MEFs, limited iPSCs, limited mESCs	[12, 58, 104, 105], The Jackson Laboratory
	RI & RI advanced intercross	BXD	Strains developed by crossing C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice	Ex vivo only to date	[106, 107]
	RI	Collaborative Cross (CC)	Highly diverse strains derived from an eight-way cross of A/J, C57BL/6J, 129S1/SvImJ, NOD/ShiLtJ, NZO/HlLtJ, CAST/EiJ, PWK/PhJ, and WSB/EiJ mice	Ex vivo, limited mESCs, MEFs	[13, 108, 109]
	Outbred	Diversity Outbred (DO)	Panel developed by random outcross matings of 160 CC mice and maintained by random matings that avoid sibling crosses	Ex vivo, mESCs	[110], Predictive Biology
Saccharom yces cerevisiae	RI	SGRP-4X	Panel developed from a four-way cross and then intercrossing for 12 generations	Whole organism	[34]
	Outbred	18F12	Two populations developed from 18 genetically diverse founder strains	Whole organism	[33]