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. 2021 Feb 17;12:1079. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-21289-y

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Heatmap of expression of interferon-related genes from a 23-gene signature across all subjects in the study. A A number of interferon-stimulated genes are relatively over- or under-expressed in Early (<10 days of symptoms) or all COVID-19 subjects compared to seasonal coronavirus (CoV) or influenza infections (flu, B). For comparisons of relative proportions of ISG expression, a logged ratio of per-cohort means was computed for each normalized gene expression value between subjects with COVID-19 and subjects in other groups. Model coefficients (median ± 1.5 times IQR presented, C) derived from these relative changes demonstrate the impact of SARS-CoV-2 specific differential ratios of gene expression on overall ISG signature strength (C). The 23-gene signature comprised of interferon-stimulated genes discriminates COVID-19 (n = 46) from influenza (n = 17), seasonal coronavirus (n = 49), bacterial pneumonia (n = 23), and healthy controls (n = 19) across all time points (D), while simultaneously identifying seasonal CoV and influenza infections in similar fashion (median probability ± IQR, with whiskers representing 1.5 x IQR, E).