Table 5.
Characteristics of patients with or without ACO at registration among those who had the data necessary for ACO diagnosis
| Patients with the data necessary for ACO diagnosis | p value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All (n = 396) | ACO (n = 101) | Non-ACO (n = 295) | (ACO vs non-ACO) | |
| Sex, male, n (%) | 353 (89.1) | 90 (89.1) | 263 (89.2) | 0.990 |
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 73.2 (8.0) | 71.5 (9.6) | 73.8 (7.3) | 0.025 |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 23.0 (3.4) | 23.0 (3.1) | 23.0 (3.5) | 0.869 |
| Smoking status, n (%) | ||||
| Current smoker | 42 (10.6) | 6 (5.9) | 36 (12.2) | 0.108 |
| Never smoker | 4 (1.0) | 2 (2.0) | 2 (0.7) | |
| Ex-smoker | 350 (88.4) | 93 (92.1) | 257 (87.1) | |
| Smoking history (pack-years) | n = 392 | n = 99 | n = 293 | |
| Mean (SD) | 55.1 (35.8) | 57.7 (40.7) | 54.2 (34.1) | 0.441 |
| Duration of COPD, years | n = 390 | n = 99 | n = 291 | |
| Mean (SD) | 5.3 (5.4) | 5.3 (4.6) | 5.3 (5.7) | 0.997 |
| GOLD stage, n (%) | ||||
| I | 125 (31.6) | 30 (29.7) | 95 (32.2) | 0.207 |
| II | 194 (49.0) | 54 (53.5) | 140 (47.5) | |
| III | 59 (14.9) | 16 (15.8) | 43 (14.6) | |
| IV | 18 (4.5) | 1 (1.0) | 17 (5.8) | |
| Complication/comorbidity, n (%) | ||||
| Asthma (based on physician’s diagnosis) | 177 (44.7) | 68 (67.3) | 109 (36.9) | < 0.001 |
| Age at onset < 40 years | n = 175 | n = 67 | n = 108 | |
| 24 (13.7) | 23 (34.3) | 1 (0.9) | < 0.001 | |
| Age at onset ≥ 40 years | n = 175 | n = 67 | n = 108 | |
| 151 (86.3) | 44 (65.7) | 107 (99.1) | < 0.001 | |
| Allergic rhinitis | 57 (14.4) | 37 (36.6) | 20 (6.8) | < 0.001 |
| Heart failure | 45 (11.4) | 3 (3.0) | 42 (14.2) | 0.002 |
| Diabetes | 58 (14.6) | 15 (14.9) | 43 (14.6) | 0.946 |
| Respiratory medication at baseline, n (%) | n = 396 | n = 98 | n = 289 | |
| ICS (monotherapy or any combinations) | 180 (45.5) | 75 (76.5) | 105 (36.3) | < 0.001 |
| ICS monotherapy | 4 (1.0) | 3 (3.1) | 1 (0.3) | 0.052 |
| LAMA monotherapy | 44 (11.1) | 10 (10.2) | 34 (11.8) | 0.674 |
| LABA monotherapy | 20 (5.1) | 1 (1.0) | 19 (6.6) | 0.032 |
| LAMA and LABAa | 138 (34.8) | 11 (11.2) | 127 (43.9) | < 0.001 |
| ICS and LABAa | 65 (16.4) | 22 (22.4) | 43 (14.9) | 0.083 |
| ICS and LAMA | 4 (1.0) | 2 (2.0) | 2 (0.7) | 0.267 |
| ICS, LAMA, and LABAa | 107 (27.0) | 48 (49.0) | 59 (20.4) | < 0.001 |
| Symptoms based on interview | ||||
| Presence of variable symptoms, n (%) | 96 (24.2) | 67 (66.3) | 29 (9.8) | < 0.001 |
| Presence of paroxysmal symptoms, n (%) | n = 387 | n = 95 | n = 292 | < 0.001 |
| 90 (23.3) | 57 (60.0) | 33 (11.3) | ||
| Questionnaire | ||||
| CAT | n = 395 | n = 101 | n = 294 | |
| Mean (SD) | 10.3 (7.0) | 10.7 (7.8) | 10.1 (6.7) | 0.492 |
| mMRC | n = 395 | n = 101 | n = 294 | |
| Mean (SD) | 1.0 (1.0) | 1.0 (1.0) | 1.1 (1.0) | 0.523 |
| ACQ | n = 394 | n = 101 | n = 293 | |
| Mean (SD) | 0.5 (0.8) | 0.9 (1.0) | 0.4 (0.6) | < 0.001 |
ACO asthma-COPD overlap, ACQ asthma control questionnaire, BMI body mass index, CAT COPD assessment test, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, GOLD Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, ICS inhaled corticosteroids, LABA long-acting β2-agonist, LAMA long-acting muscarinic antagonist, mMRC modified Medical Research Council questionnaire, SD standard deviation
aIncluding any combinations of separate and combined inhalers