Table 2.
Tasks, outcome measures and effect sized of the included studies
| Authors | Year | Task | Outcome | ES calculated from: | Hedges’ g | V |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pattern Learning Tasks | ||||||
| AD Dementia | ||||||
| Kaemmerer (dissertation) | 2016 | SRTT | RT; Accuracy block 4 versus random block (of first-order sequences) | Mchange, SDpre, N | 0.925 | 0.220 |
| Van Tilborg et al. | 2011 | SRTT | RT; Accuracy | F, N | 0.348 | 0.186 |
| Eldridge et al. | 2002 | PT | %Correct | Mchange, SEpre, N | −0.903 | 0.227 |
| Willingham et al. | 1997 | SRTT | RT; Accuracy | F, N | 0.192 | 0.107 |
| Knopman | 1991 | SRTT | Accuracy | Mchange, SDpre, N | −0.170 | 0.182 |
| Knopman and Nissen | 1987 | SRTT | Median RT (ms) slope block 1–4; slope last repeated block vs non-repeating block | Mchange, SDchange, N | −0.017 | 0.086 |
| Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment or MCI due to AD | ||||||
| Baker et al. | 2015 | PT | %Correct | F, N | −0.041 | 0.168 |
| Luft et al. | 2015 | PT | Accuracy | F, N | 0.135 | 0.021 |
| Gobel et al. | 2013 | SRTT | %Correct | Mchange, SEchange, N | −0.329 | 0.135 |
| Other Procedural Learning Tasks | ||||||
| AD Dementia | ||||||
| Merbah et al. | 2011 | Mirror Reading | Mean reading time block 1–5 | F, N | 0.509 | 0.068 |
| Wright et al. (dissertation) | 1999 | Rotary Pursuit | Mean time on target; block 1–5 | Mchange, SDpre, N | 0.026 | 0.117 |
| Hirono et al. | 1997 | Computerized Jigsaw Puzzle; Tactile Character reading Bimanual Coordinated Tracing | Time to task completion pre divided by post-test (in s) | F, N | −0.015 | 0.067 |
| Desgranges et al. | 1996 | Mirror Reading | Speed (in sec) | Mchange, SDpre | 0.070 | 0.055 |
| Hirono et al. | 1996 | Tactile character reading Bimanual Coordinated Tracing | Speed (in s) | F, N | 0.531 | 0.071 |
| Huberman et al. | 1994 | Transformed Script Reading | Speed (in s) Repeated vs. first reading & repeated vs non-repeated | Mchange, SDchange, N | −0.049 | 0.134 |
| Gabrieli et al. | 1993 | Mirror Tracing | Accuracy | F, N | −0.813 | 0.232 |
| Grober et al. | 1992 | Mirror Reading | Block 1; Block 2. Speed (in ms) | Mchange, SDpre, N | −0.080 | 0.089 |
AD Alzheimer’s Disease, F: F-statistic of a two by two interaction effect between familiar vs. unfamiliar condition and patient group vs. HC, M: mean, PT: Prediction Task, SD Standard Deviation, SDpre: Standard Deviation of the new/unstudied condition, Mchange: mean change score, SE: Standard Error, SEchange: Standard Error of the change score, SEpre: Standard Error of the new/unstudied condition, SRTT: Serial Reaction Time Task, V: Variance of Hedges’ g, %Correct: Percentage Correct. A negative Hedges’ g indicates that there was more procedural learning in aMCI/AD dementia patients than in healthy controls. This was true for 9 out of 17 studies