Table 2.
Characteristics of included studies: biomarkers and study design
| References | Biomarkers | Design | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type (N) | Sample | Report | Sgl | 2-gate | ||||||||||
| miRNA | Autoab | Protein | Metab | ctDNA | Othera | Serum | Plasma | Otherb | Ind | Comb | RFD | TGN | TGA | |
| Gastric cancers only | ||||||||||||||
| Cai et al. [23] | 15 | – | – | – | – | – | – | × | – | × | – | – | × | – |
| Chen et al. [24] | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | – | U | U | U |
| Chen et al. [25] | – | – | 4 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | – | × | × |
| Chung et al. [26] | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | U | × | U |
| Ding et al. [27] | 4 | – | 1 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | – | × | – |
| Dong et al. [28] | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | × | × | – | – | × | – |
| Gantuya et al. [29] | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | × | – | – |
| Gwak et al. [30] | – | – | 5 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | – | – | – | × |
| He et al. [31] | – | – | 4 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | U | × | U |
| Hoshino et al. [32] | – | 6 | 2 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | – | × | – |
| Huang et al. [33] | – | 1 | 5 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | – | – | × | × |
| Huang et al. [34] | 5 | – | 2 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | – | × | – |
| Huang et al. [35] | 5 | – | – | – | – | – | × | – | – | – | × | U | U | U |
| Iwasaki et al. [36] | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | × | × | – | – | × | – |
| Ji et al. [37] | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | × | – | × | – | – | MB | – |
| Juan Cai et al. [38] | – | – | 3 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | – | – | MB | MB |
| Kaise et al. [39] | – | 1 | 5 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | – | × | – |
| Kang et al. [40] | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | – | × | – | – |
| Kikuchi et al. [41] | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | × | – | – |
| Kim et al. [42] | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | – | – | × | × |
| Kurilovich et al. [43] | – | 1 | 2 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | – | × | – |
| Li et al. [44] | 3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | × | – | × | × | U | U | U |
| Li et al. [45] | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | × | – | × | – | U | × | U |
| Li et al. [46] | 3 | – | 4 | – | – | – | – | × | – | × | – | – | × | – |
| Li et al. [47] | 13 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | × | × | × | – | × | – |
| Li et al. [48] | – | – | 5 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | MB | – | – |
| Lim et al. [49] | – | – | 3 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | U | × | × |
| Lim et al. [50] | – | – | 3 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | MB | × | × |
| Lin et al. [51] | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | × | × | – | × | – | U | MB | U |
| Liu et al. [52] | 2 | – | 2 | – | – | – | × | – | – | – | × | – | × | – |
| Liu et al. [53] | – | – | 4 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | – | × | × |
| Liu et al. [54] | 3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | – | × | – |
| Meistere et al. [55] | – | 18 | – | – | – | – | × | – | – | – | × | – | × | – |
| Mroczko et al. [56] | – | – | 3 | – | – | – | × | × | – | × | – | – | × | – |
| Ning et al. [57] | – | – | 4 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | – | × | – |
| Oue et al. [58] | – | – | 4 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | – | × | × |
| Pan et al. [59] | – | 1 | 5 | – | – | – | × | × | – | × | × | U | × | U |
| Park et al. [60] | – | – | – | – | 2 | – | – | × | – | × | × | – | × | × |
| Parvaee et al. [61] | 3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | × | – | × | – | – | × | – |
| Qin et al. [62] | – | 9 | – | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | – | × | – |
| Qiu et al. [63] | 4 | – | – | – | – | – | – | × | – | × | × | U | U | U |
| Song et al. [64] | 8 | – | – | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | × | – | – |
| Su et al. [65] | – | – | 5 | – | – | – | × | – | – | – | × | – | × | × |
| Sun et al. [66] | – | 1 | 3 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | MB | – | – |
| Tsalikidis et al. [67] | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | – | – | × | – |
| Wang et al. [68] | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | – | – | × | – |
| Wang et al. [69] | 5 | – | – | – | – | – | × | – | – | – | × | U | U | U |
| Wang et al. [70] | – | 6 | – | – | – | – | × | – | – | – | × | – | × | – |
| Wang et al. [71] | – | – | 3 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | U | × | U |
| Werner et al. [72] | – | 14 | – | – | – | – | × | – | – | – | × | – | × | – |
| Wu et al. [73] | 1 | – | 2 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | – | U | U | U |
| Wu et al. [74] | – | – | 4 | – | U | – | × | – | – | × | – | – | × | × |
| Wu et al. [75] | – | – | 1 | – | – | 3 | × | – | – | × | × | U | × | U |
| Yanaoka et al. [76] | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | × | – | – |
| Yang et al. [77] | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | × | – | × | – | × | – | – |
| Yang et al. [78] | 3 | – | 5 | – | – | – | – | × | – | × | × | – | – | × |
| Yoon et al. [79] | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | – | – | × | – |
| Yun et al. [80] | – | – | 1 | – | – | 2 | × | – | – | × | × | MB | × | MB |
| Zayakin et al. [81] | – | 45 | – | – | – | – | × | – | – | – | × | – | × | × |
| Zhang et al. [82] | – | – | – | 6 | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | – | × | × |
| Zhang et al. [83] | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | × | – | × | – | – | – | × |
| Zhang et al. [84] | 5 | – | 4 | – | – | – | – | × | – | × | × | – | – | × |
| Zhou et al. [85] | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | × | – | × | – | U | U | U |
| Zhou et al. [86] | 5 | – | – | – | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | U | U | U |
| Zhou et al. [87] | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | × | – | × | – | U | U | U |
| Pancreatic cancers only | ||||||||||||||
| Akita et al. [88] | – | – | – | 4 | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | U | U | U |
| Balasenthil et al. [89] | – | – | 3 | – | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | – | – |
| Brand et al. [90] | – | – | 3 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | – | × | × |
| Cao et al. [91] | 6 | – | – | – | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | U | U | U |
| Capello et al. [92] | 6 | – | 2 | – | – | – | – | × | – | × | × | U | U | U |
| Chung et al. [93] | – | 2 | – | 1 | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | U | × | U |
| Chung et al. [94] | – | 1 | 20 | – | – | 1 | × | – | – | × | × | × | × | – |
| Deng et al. [95] | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | – | U | U | U |
| Duraker et al. [96] | – | – | 3 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | U | U | U |
| Firpo et al. [97] | – | – | 3 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | MB | × | MB |
| Fukutake et al. [98] | – | – | – | 6 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | – | × | × |
| Gao et al. [99] | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | U | × | U |
| Gold et al. [100] | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | – | – | × | × |
| Gold et al. [101] | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | U | × | U |
| Groblewska et al. [102] | – | – | 4 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | – | × | – |
| Guo et al. [103] | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | U | × | U |
| Honda et al. [104] | – | – | 4 | – | – | – | – | × | – | × | × | × | – | – |
| Honda et al. [105] | – | – | 3 | 1 | – | – | – | × | – | × | × | × | – | – |
| Honda et al. [106] | – | – | 3 | – | – | – | – | × | – | × | × | × | – | – |
| Jiang et al. [107] | – | – | 3 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | – | × | × |
| Kaur et al. [108] | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | × | – | × | – | × | – | – | |
| Kim et al. [109] | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | × | × | – | × | × | – | × | × |
| Kuwatani et al. [110] | – | – | 3 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | U | U | U |
| LeCalvez-Kelm et al. [111] | – | – | – | – | 3 | – | – | × | – | – | × | U | × | U |
| Lee et al. [112] | – | – | 6 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | U | U | U |
| Liao et al. [113] | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | – | × | × |
| Liu et al. [114] | 7 | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | × | – | × | × | MB | × | MB |
| Liu et al. [115] | 7 | – | – | – | – | – | × | – | – | – | × | – | × | × |
| Liu et al. [116] | – | – | 11 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | – | × | × |
| Matsubara et al. [117] | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | – | × | – | × | × | U | MB | U |
| Mayerle et al. [118] | – | – | 1 | 9 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | MB | – | MB |
| Mellby et al. [119] | 1 | 5 | 20 | 3 | – | – | × | – | – | – | × | × | – | – |
| Mizuno et al. [120] | – | – | – | 6 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | – | × | × |
| O'Brien et al. [121] | 1 | – | 3 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | × | – | – |
| Park et al. [122] | – | – | 9 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | U | MB | U |
| Park et al. [123] | – | – | 5 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | U | × | × |
| Peng et al. [124] | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | – | × | × |
| Poruk et al. [125] | – | – | 3 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | – | × | MB |
| Ritchie et al. [126] | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | U | U | U |
| Rychlikova et al. [127] | – | – | 4 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | MB | U | MB |
| Sakai et al. [128] | 56 | – | 2 | – | – | – | × | × | – | × | × | – | × | MB |
| Song et al. [129] | – | 3 | 3 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | U | U | U |
| Tachezy et al. [130] | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | – | U | × | U |
| Talar-Wojnarowska et al. [131] | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | – | U | MB | U |
| Tavano et al. [132] | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | × | – | – |
| Ward et al. [133] | – | – | 1 | 2 | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | U | U | U |
| Xu et al. [134] | 8 | – | – | – | – | – | – | × | – | × | – | U | U | U |
| Zhang et al. [135] | – | 2 | 3 | 1 | – | – | × | – | – | – | × | U | U | U |
| Zhang et al. [136] | – | – | – | 6 | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | U | × | U |
| Zhong et al. [137] | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | U | U | U |
| Zhou et al. [138] | – | 1 | 2 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | × | – | – |
| Zhou et al. [139] | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | U | U | U |
| Zhou et al. [140] | 6 | – | – | – | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | – | × | – |
| Oesophageal cancers only | ||||||||||||||
| Bagaria et al. [141] | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | – | U | U | U |
| Bai et al. [142] | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | × | – | × | × | – | × | × |
| Bagaria et al. [143] | – | – | 4 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | – | – | × | – |
| Brockmann et al. [144] | – | 2 | 2 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | – | – | × | × |
| Huang et al. [145] | 5 | – | – | – | – | – | × | – | – | – | × | – | MB | – |
| Jia et al. [146] | 1 | – | 6 | – | – | – | × | – | – | – | × | – | × | – |
| Liao et al. [147] | – | – | 4 | – | – | – | – | × | – | × | × | U | U | U |
| Lukaszewicz-Zajac et al. [148] | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | – | × | – |
| Lv et al. [149] | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | – | × | – |
| Pan et al. [150] | – | 4 | – | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | U | × | U |
| Peng et al. [151] | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | – | MB | – |
| Sudo et al. [152] | 6 | – | – | – | – | – | × | – | – | – | × | – | × | × |
| Wang et al. [153] | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | – | U | U | U |
| Xing et al. [154] | 2 | – | 1 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | – | × | × |
| Xu et al. [155] | – | 5 | 1 | – | – | – | × | – | – | – | × | – | × | – |
| Xu et al. [156] | – | 5 | 1 | – | – | – | × | – | – | – | × | – | × | – |
| Yan et al. [157] | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | – | – | × | – |
| Zhang et al. [158] | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | – | U | U | U |
| Zhang et al. [159] | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | – | U | U | U |
| Zhang et al. [160] | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | – | U | U | U |
| Zhang et al. [161] | – | 6 | – | – | – | – | × | – | – | – | × | – | × | – |
| Zhang et al. [162] | – | 2 | – | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | U | U | U |
| Zheng et al. [163] | – | – | 4 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | – | × | × |
| Zhou et al. [164] | – | 8 | – | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | – | – | × |
| Biliary tract cancers only | ||||||||||||||
| Deng et al. [165] | – | – | 4 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | – | – | × |
| Leelawat et al. [166] | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | – | × | – | – |
| Wang et al. [167] | – | – | 4 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | MB | × | – |
| More than one tumour type | ||||||||||||||
| Bagaria et al. [168] | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | – | × | – |
| Markar et al. [169] | – | – | – | – | – | 5 | – | – | × | – | × | MB | – | – |
| Ren et al. [170] | – | 1 | 2 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | U | U | U |
| Schneider et al. [171] | – | – | 4 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | – | × | – |
autoab autoantibodies and other immunological markers, Comb combination or panel, ctDNA circulating tumour DNA, Ind individual, MB maybe/likely (design likely but no sufficient information to make a final decision), metab metabolic markers, RFD reversed-flow design, Sgl single-gate design, TGA two-gate alternative diagnosis, TGN two-gate normal, U unclear
aOther biomarker type refers to volatile organic compounds or platelets
bOther sample refers to urine or volatile organic compounds