Table 3.
Biomarkers investigated more than once, for the same tumour type (number of studies)
| Biomarker | Pancreatic cancer | Gastric cancer | Oesophageal cancer | Biliary tract cancer |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MicroRNAs and other RNAs (including protein coding genes) | ||||
| miR-21 | 2 [114, 115] | 3 [23, 34, 44] | – | – |
| miR-20a | – | 3 [23, 52, 86] | – | – |
| miR-25 | 2 [95, 115] | 2 [46, 86] | – | – |
| miR-296-5p | – | 2 [35, 69] | – | – |
| miR-210 | – | 2 [61, 86] | – | – |
| miR-1 | – | 2 [23, 52] | – | – |
| miR-106b | – | 2 [23, 46] | – | – |
| miR-106b-3p | 2 [91, 134] | – | – | – |
| miR-126-3p | 2 [91, 134] | – | – | – |
| miR-1285 | 2 [91, 134] | – | – | – |
| miR-132-3p | – | 2 [35, 69] | – | – |
| miR-16 | 2 [99, 114] | – | – | – |
| miR-214 | – | 2 [37, 83] | – | – |
| miR-221 | – | 2 [23, 64] | – | – |
| miR-223 | – | 2 [44, 85] | – | – |
| miR-26b-3p | 2 [91, 134] | – | – | – |
| miR-27a | – | 2 [23, 52] | – | – |
| miR-376c | – | 2 [23, 64] | – | – |
| miR-423-5p | – | 2 [23, 52] | – | – |
| miR-486-5p | 2 [91, 134] | – | – | – |
| miR-744 | – | 2 [23, 64] | – | – |
| miR-938 | 2 [91, 134] | – | – | – |
| REG3A | 2 [92, 121] | – | – | – |
| Autoantibodies and other immunological markers | ||||
| p53 | – | 2 [32, 62] | 4 [155, 156, 161, 164] | – |
| C-Myc | – | 2 [62, 70] | 2 [161, 164] | – |
| p62 | – | 2 [62, 70] | 2 [161, 164] | – |
| New York esophageal squamous cell carcinoma 1 (NY-ESO-1 or CTAG1A) | – | – | 3 [150, 155, 156] | – |
| Squamous Cell Carcinoma-Antigen (SCC-Antigen) | – | – | 3 [144, 147, 163] | – |
| Antibodies against Helicobacter pylori (HpAb) | – | 2 [39, 66] | – | – |
| BMI-1 | – | – | 2 [155, 156] | – |
| Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) | – | – | 2 [155, 156] | – |
| Immunoglobin G galactosylation ratio (IgG- Gal-ratio) | 2 [137, 170] | – | – | – |
| IMP1 | – | – | 2 [161, 164] | – |
| Koc | – | – | 2 [161, 164] | – |
| MIC | 2 [129, 138] | – | – | – |
| NPM1 | – | 2 [62, 70] | – | – |
| P16 | – | 2 [62, 70] | – | – |
| Peroxiredoxin 6 (Prx6) | – | – | 2 [155, 156] | – |
| Other proteins | ||||
| CA19-9 | 35a | 20b | 4 [143, 168, 170, 171] | – |
| Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) | 7 [96, 102, 110, 112, 116, 127, 170] | 27c | 9 [141, 143, 144, 147, 148, 163, 168, 170, 171] | 2 [165, 167] |
| CA125 | 4 [96, 112, 116, 121] | 6 [25, 31, 59, 73, 78, 84] | – | 2 [165, 167] |
| CA724 | – | 9 [25, 30, 46, 48, 53, 57, 59, 74, 171] | 2 [144, 171] | – |
| Pepsinogen I (PGI) | – | 9 [29, 33, 38–41, 43, 66, 76] | – | – |
| Pepsinogen II (PGII) | – | 8 [29, 33, 39–41, 43, 66, 76] | – | – |
| Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) | 4 [92, 122, 123, 125] | 2 [56, 68] | – | – |
| Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) | 2 [112, 116] | 3 [31, 59, 78] | – | – |
| Osteopontin | 3 [125, 127, 129] | 2 [24, 66] | – | – |
| CYFRA21-1 | – | – | 4 [142, 144, 147, 163] | – |
| Interleukin-6 (IL-6) | 3 [94, 119, 135] | – | – | – |
| Apolipoprotein AII-AT (apoAII-AT) | 3 [104–106] | – | – | – |
| Apolipoprotein AII-ATQ (apoAII-ATQ) | 3 [104–106] | – | – | – |
| CA242 | 2 [107, 116] | – | – | – |
| CEACAM-1 | 2 [121, 129] | – | – | – |
| Interleukin-4 (IL-4) | 2 [94, 119] | – | – | – |
| Interleukin-8 (IL-8 or CXCL8) | 2 [94, 135] | – | – | – |
| Interleukin-13 (IL-13) | 2 [94, 119] | – | – | – |
| Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-2 (IGFBP2) | 2 [92, 123] | – | – | – |
| Matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) | – | – | 2 [155, 156] | – |
| Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) | 2 [112, 116] | – | – | – |
| Trefoil factor 1 (TFF1) | – | 2 [33, 39] | – | – |
| Trefoil factor 2 (TFF2) | – | 2 [33, 39] | – | – |
| Trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) | – | 2 [33, 39] | – | – |
| Thrombospondin 2 (THBS2) | 2 [109, 124] | – | – | – |
| Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) | 2 [94, 119] | – | – | – |
| Metabolic markers | ||||
| Histidine | 3 [98, 118, 120] | – | – | – |
| Alanine | 2 [98, 120] | – | – | – |
| Asparagine | 2 [98, 120] | – | – | – |
| Isoleucine | 2 [98, 120] | – | – | – |
| PC-594 | 2 [88, 126] | – | – | – |
| Phosphatidylcholine-C18.0-C22.6 | 2 [88, 118] | – | – | – |
| Serine | 2 [98, 120] | – | – | – |
| Tryptophan | 2 [98, 120] | – | – | – |
aCA19-9 in pancreatic cancer:[89, 90, 92, 96, 97, 99, 101–103, 105–107, 109, 110, 112–114, 116–118, 121–127, 129, 132, 133, 135, 137–139, 170]
bCA19-9 in gastric cancer:[25, 27, 30–32, 34, 38, 46, 52, 53, 57–59, 65, 74, 78, 84, 168, 170, 171]
cCEA in gastric cancer: [25, 26, 30–32, 34, 38, 46, 48–50, 52, 53, 56–59, 65, 73–75, 78, 80, 84, 168, 170, 171]