Table 1.
Population characteristics
| Total (N=679) |
Heroin User (N=46) |
Heroin Non-User (N=633) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) Mean ± SD |
N (%) Mean ± SD |
N (%) Mean ± SD |
P-value | |
| Age, years | 54.5 ± 7.5 | 53.9 ± 8.7 | 54.4 ± 7.5 | 0.574 |
| Sex, male | 379 (55.8) | 29 (63.0) | 350 (55.3) | 0.307 |
| Race/ethnicity | 0.567 | |||
| Black non-Hispanic | 421 (62.0) | 27 (60.4) | 394 (62.2) | |
| White non-Hispanic | 60 (8.8) | 6 (12.5) | 54 (8.5) | |
| Hispanic | 198 (29.2) | 13 (27.1) | 185 (29.3) | |
| Income | 0.706 | |||
| $15,000 or less | 528 (77.8) | 37 (80.4) | 491 (77.6) | |
| $15,000–$30,000 | 116 (17.1) | 6 (13.0) | 110 (17.4) | |
| $30,000 or more | 35 (5.2) | 3 (0.5) | 32 (5.1) | |
| Education | 0.598 | |||
| Less than High-School | 266 (39.2) | 19 (41.3) | 247 (39.0) | |
| High-School or GED | 206 (30.3) | 11 (23.9) | 195 (30.8) | |
| More than High-School | 207 (30.5) | 16 (34.8) | 191 (30.2) | |
| Substances | ||||
| Alcohol, AUDIT≥8 | 161 (23.7) | 10 (21.7) | 151 (23.9) | 0.745 |
| Alcohol, AUDIT≥13 for women or 15 for men | 72 (10.6) | 6 (13.0) | 66 (10.4) | 0.578 |
| History of problems with alcohol | 243 (35.8) | 16 (34.8) | 227 (35.9) | 0.883 |
| Smoker (tobacco) | 353 (52.0) | 33 (71.7) | 320 (50.6) | 0.006 |
| Cannabis | 192 (28.3) | 18 (39.1) | 174 (27.5) | 0.091 |
| Cocaine | 311 (45.8) | 27 (58.7) | 284 (44.9) | 0.069 |
| Prescription opioids | 88 (13.0) | 14 (30.4) | 74 (11.7) | 0.0003 |
| Polysubstancea | 344 (50.7) | 41 (89.1) | 303 (47.9) | <0.0001 |
| Polysubstance, amountb | 2.2 ± 1.1 | 3.2 ± 1.2 | 2.1 ± 1.0 | <0.0001 |
| Metabolic | ||||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 29.2 ± 6.3 | 28.9 ± 6.5 | 29.2 ± 6.2 | 0.769 |
| Obesity | 273 (40.2) | 18 (39.1) | 255 (40.3) | 0.878 |
| Hyperglycemia | 54 (8.0) | 1 (2.2) | 53 (8.4) | 0.165 |
| Hepatic | ||||
| AST, U/L | 22 (17–29)c | 21 (18–31)c | 22 (17–29)c | 0.601 |
| ALT, U/L | 18 (14–27)c | 19 (12–25)c | 18 (14–27)c | 0.598 |
| AST/ALT ratio | 1.25 ± 0.4 | 1.41 ± 0.5 | 1.24 ± 0.4 | 0.011 |
| ALP, U/L | 79 (66–96)c | 82 (75–93)c | 79 (66–96)c | 0.316 |
| Fat content, % | 2.9 (2.0–3.8)c | 2.9 (2.0–3.8)c | 2.0 (2.0–3.8)c | 0.182 |
| Steatosis (>5%) | 107 (15.8) | 7 (15.2) | 100 (15.9) | 0.910 |
| Liver stiffness, kPa | 2.3 (2.0–2.6)c | 2.4 (2.1–2.9)c | 2.3 (2.0–2.6)c | 0.028d |
| Fibrosis (≥2.9 kPa) | 99 (14.6) | 12 (26.1) | 87 (13.7) | 0.022 |
| HIV | 297 (43.7) | 19 (41.3) | 278 (43.9) | 0.730 |
| Taking antiretrovirals | 293 (98.7) | 18 (94.7) | 275 (98.9) | 0.233 |
| <200 copies/mL | 245 (83.3) | 18 (94.7) | 227 (82.6) | 0.217 |
| CD4 cells/µL | 601.3 ± 371.4 | 629.5 ± 395.7 | 599.4 ± 370.3 | 0.733 |
| HCV | 166 (24.5) | 19 (41.3) | 147 (23.2) | 0.006 |
| Undetected | 86 (51.8) | 11 (57.9) | 75 (51.0) | 0.573 |
| HIV/HCV coinfected | 79 (11.6) | 7 (15.2) | 72 (11.4) | 0.433 |
Bold values are those that are statistically significant at p < 0.05.
a
Polysubstance was defined as use of 2 or more of hazardous drinking (AUDIT≥8), tobacco, cannabis, cocaine, prescription opioids, and heroin
b
The amount of substances used among participants who used at least 1 substance, N=527 (77.6%)
c
Median (interquartile range)
d
One-sided p-value (heroin user > non-user)