Table 2.
Walking and cognitive performance by group at baseline, post-intervention, and 3 month follow-up. Data shown are group means with standard deviations, and group mean change scores (first calculated by participant)
| Baseline | Post | Follow Up | Difference | Difference | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Post- | Follow Up- | |||||
| Baseline | Baseline | |||||
| Typical Walk Speed (meters/second) | ||||||
| Active/Complex | 0.94 ± 0.18 | 1.03 ± 0.20 | 0.91 ± 0.19 | 0.09 ± 0.24 | −0.03 ± 0.23 | |
| Sham/Complex | 0.95 ± 0.15 | 1.10 ± 0.09 | 0.97 ± 0.22 | 0.15 ± 0.14 | 0.02 ± 0.17 | |
| Sham/Typical | 0.97 ± 0.12 | 1.12 ± 0.10 | 1.09 ± 0.07 | 0.15 ± 0.06 | 0.12 ± 0.12 | |
| Fastest Walk Speed (meters/second) | ||||||
| Active/Complex | 1.25 ± 0.21 | 1.42 ± 0.21 | 1.25 ± 0.28 | 0.17 ± 0.20 | 0.00 ± 0.23 | |
| Sham/Complex | 1.41 ± 0.32 | 1.49 ± 0.15 | 1.41 ± 0.28 | 0.07 ± 0.25 | −0.01 ± 0.16 | |
| Sham/Typical | 1.23 ± 0.24 | 1.47 ± 0.19 | 1.43 ± 0.23 | 0.24 ± 0.16 | 0.20 ± 0.29 | |
| Obstacle Walk Speed (meters/second) | ||||||
| Active/Complex | 0.77 ± 0.12 | 0.82 ± 0.17 | - | 0.056 ± 0.093 | - | |
| Sham/Complex | 0.87 ± 0.20 | 0.87 ± 0.12 | - | 0.005 ± 0.105 | - | |
| Sham/Typical | 0.77 ± 0.22 | 0.85 ± 0.11 | - | 0.076 ± 0.180 | - | |
| Figure-8 Walk Time (seconds) | ||||||
| Active/Complex | 10.57 ± 1.93 | 10.4 ± 1.41 | 10.48 ± 2.82 | −0.20 ± 2.30 | −0.09 ± 2.62 | |
| Sham/Complex | 9.58 ± 1.42 | 9.6 ± 1.80 | 9.95 ± 2.19 | 0.03 ± 0.75 | 0.37 ± 1.75 | |
| Sham/Typical | 11.00 ± 2.00 | 10.2 ± 1.03 | 9.81 ± 1.80 | −0.83 ± 1.44 | −1.20 ± 2.69 | |
| Trailmaking Test B Time (seconds) | ||||||
| Active/Complex | 146.3 ± 87.2 | 115.3 ± 57.2 | 122.9 ± 87.1 | −31.0 ± 59.7 | −23.4 ± 23.7 | |
| Sham/Complex | 69.3 ± 27.5 | 64.0 ± 19.5 | 66.3 ± 31.1 | −5.3 ± 10.4 | −3.0 ± 12.4 | |
| Sham/Typical | 100.8 ± 48.6 | 85.81 ± 34.4 | 80.5 ± 32.0 | −15.0 ± 34.8 | −20.3 ± 39.9 | |
| EXAMINER Composite Score | ||||||
| Active/Complex | −0.19 ± 0.74 | 0.13 ± 0.86 | - | 0.32 ± 0.32 | - | |
| Sham/Complex | 0.29 ± 0.22 | 0.46 ± 0.38 | - | 0.17 ± 0.34 | - | |
| Sham/Typical | 0.03 ± 0.96 | 0.34 ± 0.61 | - | 0.31 ± 0.65 | - | |
| EXAMINER Working Memory Score | ||||||
| Active/Complex | −0.89 ± 0.90 | −0.36 ± 0.99 | - | 0.53 ± 0.64 | - | |
| Sham/Complex | −0.21 ± 0.96 | 0.02 ± 0.90 | - | 0.22 ± 0.55 | - | |
| Sham/Typical | −0.12 ± 0.64 | −0.37 ± 0.62 | - | −0.25 ± 0.56 | - | |
Active/Complex: Active tDCS with complex walking training;
Sham/Complex: Sham tDCS with complex walking training;
Sham/Typical: Sham tDCS with typical walking training