Fig. 2. The assembly line of self-assembling peptides toward clinics.

a Molecular modeling for both all-atom and coarse-grained simulations of self-assembling peptides featuring different functionalizations are necessary to verify the self-assembling propensity and solubility of new sequences²⁴. b Nanofibers of self-assembling peptides scaffold hydrogels are subsequently tested with cells (either to be transplanted or from the target tissue) in vitro to verify cytotoxicity and biomimetic properties of the novel construct. c Synthetic self-assembling peptides are tailored into 3D constructs with densely seeded cells (image courtesy of Amanda Marchini), potentially leading to organoids in long-term cultures in serum-free conditions. d Selected self-assembling hydrogels (seeded with cells or loaded with drugs) are injected or positioned (after self-assembling) in in vivo animal models of the target pathology. All steps provide essential data for subsequent clinical approval.