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. 2021 Feb 17;11:3952. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-83238-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Slope coefficient of a sliding window across $25 %$ of the countries (corresponding to 36 countries) of respectively its Fitness Growth Rate (A)— GDP Growth Rate (B)— GDP Ranking Growth Rate (C) versus Urban Population Growth Rate. The error bar corresponds to the fit’s $95 %$ confidence interval. The colors follow the Urban Range scheme.