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. 2021 Feb 17;11:3981. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-83264-3

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Graphical summary of results illustrating descriptive comparisons of data between archaeological Tongan individuals of estimated male (♂) and female (♀) sex. The boxplots indicate that females present with: (a) smaller femoral midshaft (dm: diameter), with lower Haversian canal density (per mm²), but higher intra-cortical porosity producing trabecularisation (%); (b, c) lower phosphate content; and (d–f) lower carbonate, and carbonate:phosphate ratios. Outliers are marked by asterisks and circles. *p < 0.05; ***p < 0.0001.