TABLE 1.

Biological control of plant pathogens and insects using algal species.

Group	Algae species/consortia	Pathogen/insect type	Pathogen/insect name	Host plant	Treatment method	Product applied	References
Prokaryotic cyanobacteria	Anabaena variabilis RPAN59, Anabaena laxa RPAN8	Fungal pathogen	Pythium debaryanum, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, Fusarium moniliforme, and Rhizoctonia solani	Tomato	Soil application	Cell culture and filtered supernatant	Chaudhary et al., 2012; Prasanna et al., 2013
	Anabaena torulosa, A. laxa, Calothrix sp.	Fungal pathogen	R. solani	Cotton	Soil application	Cell culture	Prasanna et al., 2016
	Nostoc commune FA-103	Fungal pathogen	F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici	Tomato	Seed coating	Cell extract	Kim and Kim, 2008
	Calothrix elenkenii	Fungal pathogen	Pythium aphanidermatum	Tomato, chili, and brinjal	Seed soaking	Filtered supernatant	Manjunath et al., 2010
	Nostoc strain ATCC 53789	Fungal pathogen	Sclerotinia sclerotiorum	Tomato	Seed soaking	Cell biomass and methanolic extract	Biondi et al., 2004
	Microcoleus vaginatus	Pathogenic nematode	Meloidogyne arenaria	Tomato	Root dipping	Filtered supernatant	Khan et al., 2005
	Oscillatoria chlorina	Pathogenic nematode	M. arenaria	Tomato	Soil application	Dried cell suspension	Khan et al., 2007
	Aphanocapsa albida, Anabaena oryzae, Nostoc muscorum, and Calothrix marchica	Pathogenic nematode	Meloidogyne incognita	Tomato	Soil application	Aqueous extract	Hamouda and El-Ansary, 2013
	Scytonema MKU 106	Chewing insect	Helicoverpa armigera, Heliothis larvae, and Sylepta derogata	Cotton	Foliar application	Peptide extract	Sathiyamoorthy and Shanmugasundaram, 1996
Eukaryotic green algae	Chlorella vulgaris	Pathogenic nematode	M. arenaria and Xiphinema indexin	Tomato, grape	Soil application	Dried cell extract	Choleva et al., 2005; Bileva, 2013
	Chlorella fusca	Fungal pathogen	Colletotrichum orbiculare	Cucumber	Foliar application	Cell culture	Lee et al., 2016, 2017; Kim et al., 2018a
	C. fusca	Fungal pathogen	Botrytis squamosa	Chinese chives	Foliar or soil application	Cell culture	Kim et al., 2018b
	C. fusca	Bacterial pathogen	Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato	Arabidopsis	Foliar application	Cell culture/cell-free supernatant	Lee et al., 2020a
Cyanobacteria–bacteria consortia	Anabaena oscillarioides and Bacillus subtilis	Fungal pathogen	F. oxysporum, P. debaryanum, P. aphanidermatum, and R. solani	Tomato	Soil application	Cell culture	Dukare et al., 2011