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Metformin suppresses TGF-β1 signaling pathways through inhibiting activation of Smad3, ERK1/2, and p38 in a mouse model of adenine-induced renal injury. Western blot results demonstrated that metformin suppressed adenine induced phosphorylation of p-Smad3 (A,D), p-ERK1/2 (B,D), and p-P38 expression (C,D) in adenine treated mice. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, n = 8.
