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. 2021 Feb 4;11:577312. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.577312

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Copyright © 2021 Janigro, Bailey, Lehmann, Badaut, O'Flynn, Hirtz and Marchi.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The blood-to-saliva interface and proposed salivary biomarkers. (A) Schematic representation of molecular transport or passage from blood into salivary glands. Salivary glands are highly vascularized, enabling exchange of blood-based constituents (ions, proteins, etc.). Alterations in the molecular composition of the blood may lead to modifications of the composition of saliva. (B) Biomarker extravasation from brain to blood depends on the permeability of the BBB to a given biomarker. Under normal conditions and when the BBB is intact, endothelial tight junctions restrict the passage of polar or large (>~300 Da) molecules. When the BBB is breached, appearance in the blood of brain-derived protein biomarkers occur. Next, the passage of protein from blood to saliva is proposed. (C) Possible protein ratio of saliva to blood for biomarkers and pro-inflammatory factors (see text for details and references). Original images by DJ and CH.