Table 4.

Incidence and hazard ratios of mortality and incident disability for sarcopenia

	No. at risk	All‐cause mortality			Incident disability			Mortality or incident disability
		Crude incidence, per 1000 person‐years	Age and study area‐adjusted HR (95% CI)	Multivariable HR (95% CI)	Crude incidence, per 1000 person‐years	Age and study area‐adjusted HR (95% CI)	Multivariable HR (95% CI)	Crude incidence, per 1000 person‐years	Age and study area‐adjusted HR (95% CI)	Multivariable HR (95% CI)
Men
Reference	540	14.2	1.0	1.0	16.8	1.0	1.0	24.8	1.0	1.0
Pre‐sarcopenia	272	22.5	1.2 (0.8–1.9)	1.0 (0.7–1.7)	29.8	1.0 (0.6–1.5)	0.9 (0.6–1.4)	44.0	1.1 (0.8–1.6)	1.0 (0.7–1.5)
Sarcopenia	105	74.4	3.0 (1.8–5.0)***	2.0 (1.2–3.5)**	85.1	2.0 (1.3–3.3)**	1.6 (1.0–2.7) +	116.1	2.3 (1.5–3.4)***	1.9 (1.2–2.9)**
Women
Reference	483	4.8	1.0	1.0	16.4	1.0	1.0	19.7	1.0	1.0
Pre‐sarcopenia	295	11.6	1.9 (0.9–3.8)	1.9 (0.9–3.8)	25.9	1.2 (0.8–1.9)	1.2 (0.8–1.9)	32.3	1.3 (0.9–1.9)	1.3 (0.9–1.9)
Sarcopenia	156	28.2	2.9 (1.4–5.8)**	2.3 (1.1–4.9)*	69.5	1.9 (1.2–2.9)**	1.7 (1.1–2.7)*	82.8	2.1 (1.4–3.1)***	1.9 (1.3–3.0)**

CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.

Reference was a group of the participants without low appendicular lean mass index (ALMI), low grip strength, or slow gait speed. Pre‐sarcopenia was composed of participants who had low ALMI with neither low grip strength nor slow gait speed and those who had low grip strength and/or slow gait speed without low ALMI. Multivariable HR was adjusted for age, study area, fat mass index, diabetes, history of stroke, anaemia, hypoalbuminaemia, current smoking, cognitive impairment, depressed mood, and hospitalization for the past year.

⁺ P < 0.1.

^* P < 0.05.

^** P < 0.01.

^*** P < 0.001.