Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies.
| Study | Country, setting | Population, sample size | Follow-up period(year) | Muscle strength assessment | Cognitive function assessment | Outcome | Statistical model | Effect measures |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Doi et al. (2019) | Japan, community-dwelling | Older adults ≥ 65 years,52% women without dementia,4,086 | 3.6 | Measured once; Smedley-type handheld dynamometer | Recorded data collected by the Japanese Health Insurance System | Incident dementia | Cox proportional hazards models | HR 1.39 (0.89–2.17) |
| Jeong et al. (2018) | Korea, community-dwelling | Older women without cognitive impairment aged 65 years or older, 544 | 8 | Measured twice for each hand and averaged the maximum value from each hand; dynamometer | MMSE of Korean version scores; cognitive dysfunction: MMSE <2 4 | Cognitive decline | Logistic and linear regression analyses | aOR 2.28 (1.23–4.24) |
| Sibbett et al. (2018) | Scotland, community-dwelling | Aged ~79 years (57% women), without dementia, 416 | 16 | Measured three times in the dominant hand and used the best; Jamar Hydraulic Hand Dynamometer | Collected from death certificates, electronic hospital records, and clinical reviews | Incident dementia | Cox Regression | HR 0.98 (0.94–1.02) |
| Heward et al. (2018) | Tanzania, community-dwelling | Adults aged 65 years and over without cognitive dysfunction (57% women), 305 | 2 | Measured three times in the dominant hand and used the best; Jamar hydraulic hand dynamometer | IDEA cognitive screen; A score of ≤7: probable cognitive impairment; A score of 8–9: possible cognitive impairment | Cognitive decline | Multivariable binary logistic regression | OR 3.93 (1.70–9.11) |
| Jeong et al. (2018) | Korea, community-dwelling | Adults aged ≥ 45 years without cognitive dysfunction (50% women),6435 | 5.21 | The mean of the maximum handgrip strength from both hands | MMSE of Korean version score; cognitive dysfunction: MMSE <24 | Incident cognitive dysfunction | Cox proportional hazard models | HR 1.39 (1.17–1.67) |
| Hooghiemstra et al. (2017) | Netherlands, memory clinic | Age of 55 years or older and subjective or objective cognitive impairment but no dementia (35% women), 263 | 2.1 ± 1.2 | Measured twice for the dominant hand and used the mean value; hydraulic hand dynamometer | MMSE; RAVLT; VAT; Digit Span; LDST; SCWT; TMT; MCI: based on clinical judgment, the Petersen criteria | Progression to MCI or dementia for SCD and to dementia for MCI | Cox proportional hazard models | HR 1.05 (0.76–1.46); Stratified by baseline cognitive function: SCD, HR 1.13 (0.63–2.03); MCI, HR 1.06 (0.70–1.60) |
| Dementia: DSM-IV-TR; AD: NIA-AA criteria | Stratified by age: ≤65y: HR 1.05 (0.58-1.87);>65y: HR 1.09 (0.75–1.60) | |||||||
| Camargo et al. (2016) | USA, community-dwelling | Framingham Offspring, mean age 62 ± 9 years (54% women), 2,046 | 6.5 | Measured three times of each hand and recorded the maximum; Jamar Hydraulic Hand Dynamometer | MMSE and standardized neuropsychological test battery; Dementia: DSM-IV, and along with symptoms for at least 6 months | Incident dementia and AD | Cox proportional hazard models | For the entire study sample: Dementia: HR 2.17 (1.00–4.69); AD: HR 2.75 (1.18–6.39) |
| AD, NINCDS-ADRDA | ≥65 years: Dementia: HR 2.38 (1.05–5.39); AD:HR 3.22 (1.31–7.90) | |||||||
| Veronese et al. (2016) | Italy,community-dwelling | Older adults aged ≥65 years (59% women), 1,249 | 4 | Measured three times of each hand and used the maximum; JAMAR hand-held dynamometer | 30-items MMSE | Onset of cognitive decline | Multinomial logistic regression | AD: HR 3.22 (1.31–7.90) |
| Gray et al. (2013) | USA, community-dwelling | Aged 65 years and older without dementia (60% women), 2,619 | 6.5 ± 3.9 | Measured three times in the dominant hand and used the best; handheld dynamometer | CASI; a cutoff value of 86 on the CASI to identify individuals for dementia evaluation. | Incident dementia, AD and non-AD dementia | Cox proportional hazards regression models | Dementia: HR 1.06 (0.87–1.29); Possible or Probable AD: HR 1.04 (0.84–1.28); Non-AD Dementia: HR 1.28 (0.77–2.11) |
| Sattler et al. (2011) | Germany, community-dwelling | Healthy participants from the 1930–32 birth cohort, an average age of 74 years, 323 | 12 | Assessed with the aid of the “Martin-Vigorimeter”, subjects press a ball alternating between two hands for four trials and used the maximum. | MCI: AACD criteria; AD: the NINCDS-ADRDA criteria; VaD: the NINDS-AIREN criteria | Prevalence of MCI/AD | Logistic regression analyses | OR 1.00 (0.99–1.01) |
| Boyle et al. (2009) | USA, community-dwelling | older persons without dementia, mean age 80.3 ± 7.5 years (75% women), 970 | 3.6 | Measured bilaterally and used the average using the Jamar® hydraulic hand dynamometers. | 21 tests and MMSE; AD: NINCDS-ADRDA criteria; MCI: had cognitive impairment but did not meet criteria for dementia | Risk of AD | Core proportional hazards model | HR 0.61 (0.47–0.80) |
| Buchman et al. (2007) | USA, religious communities | Older Catholic clergy members (70% women), 843, excluding 34 participants who had a clinical stroke at baseline or during the course of the study; ≥67 years | 5.7 | Measured twice for each hand and averaged the four trials. Jamar hydraulic hand dynamometer. | 20 cognitive performance tests. Dementia: NINCDS-ADRDA criteria; AD: a history of cognitive decline and evidence of impairment in two or more domains of cognition, and one must be memory. | Risk of AD | Cox proportional hazards models | HR 0.981 (0.968–0.994) |
| Kim et al. (2019) | Korea, community-dwelling | Aged 50 and over (54.5% women), 5,995 | 8 | Measured twice for each hand and used the mean value. Handheld dynamometer. | Korean version of the MMSE; Mild cognitive impairment: K-MMSE score of 18–23; Dementia: K-MMSE score ≤ 17 | Cognitive impairment | 2-years lagged general estimating equations (GEE) | OR 0.499 (0.422–0.589) |
| Moon et al. (2016) | Korea, community-dwelling | Aged 65 years or more, cognitively normal (47% women), 297 | 5 | Measured twice consecutively for the dominant hand with a 1-min interval, and used the averaged value. | CERAD-K Clinical Assessment Batter and M.I.N.I.; MCI: the diagnostic criteria proposed by the International Working Group. Dementia: DSM-IV | Progression of cognitively normal to MCI or dementia | Multivariate binary logistic regression analysis | HR 1.337 (0.281–6.368) |
| Hatabe et al. (2020) | Japan, community-dwelling | Community-dwellers of late-life aged 60–79 without dementia (57% women),1055 | 14.6 ± 7.3 | Measured twice for each hand and used the maximum value; Smedley hand dynamometer | MMSE and Hasegawa's Dementia Scale revised; Dementia: DSM-IV; AD: NINCDS-ADRDA; VaD: NINDS-AIREN criteria | Risk of developing dementia | Cox proportional hazards models | Total dementia: HR1.66 (1.29-2.13); AD: HR 1.94 (1.41-2.67); VaD: HR 2.07 (1.32–3.25) |
| Community-dwellers of middle-life aged 45–64 without dementia, 835 | Total dementia: HR 1.29 (0.996–1.67);AD:HR 1.46 (1.05–2.03); VaD: HR 1.07 (0.66–1.74) |
MMSE, mini-mental state examination; IDEA, Identification and Intervention for Dementia in Elderly Africans; RAVLT, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test; VAT, Visual Association Test; LDST, Letter Digit Substitution Test; SCWT, Stroop Color Word Test; TMT, Trail Making Test; DSM-IV-TR, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth Edition, text revision; NIA-AA, National Institute of Aging-Alzheimer's Association; CASI, Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument; AACD, aging-associated cognitive decline; NINCDS-ADRDA, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke and the Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association; VaD, Vascular Dementia; NINDS-AIREN, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke and Association Internationale pour la Recherche et l'Enseignement en Neurosciences; DSM-IV, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth Edition; CERAD-K, Korean Version of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease; M.I.N.I., The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview.