Characteristic	Variable name	Domain	Criteria set	No. of studies (% total studies)	Citations
Inappropriate prosody (lexical stress errors or equal stress)	Dysprosody	Suprasegmental	ASHA, Mayo, D&V	19 (95)	Aziz et al., 2010; Case & Grigos, 2016; Fiori et al., 2016; Grigos et al., 2015; Highman et al., 2008; Ingram et al., 2019; Iuzzini-Seigel et al., 2017, 2015; Kopera & Grigos, 2019; Moss & Grigos, 2012; Murray et al., 2015; Overby, Belardi, & Schreiber, 2019; Overby & Caspari, 2015; Overby, Caspari, & Schreiber, 2019; Peter & Stoel-Gammon, 2008; Preston et al., 2014; Shriberg et al., 2012; * Shriberg et al., 2017b, 2017d; Zuk et al., 2018
Groping (nonspeech)	Groping (nonspeech)	Motor	Mayo	17 (85)	Case & Grigos, 2016; Fiori et al., 2016; Froud & Khamis-Dakwar, 2012; Grigos et al., 2015; Highman et al., 2008; Ingram et al., 2019; Iuzzini-Seigel et al., 2017, 2015; Kopera & Grigos, 2019; Moss & Grigos, 2012; Murray et al., 2015; Overby, Belardi, & Schreiber, 2019; Overby & Caspari, 2015; Overby, Caspari, & Schreiber, 2019; Shriberg et al., 2012, 2017b, 2017d; Zuk et al., 2018
Increased difficulty with longer or more complex words (or multisyllable words)	Complexity effect	Segmental	Mayo	15 (75)	Case & Grigos, 2016; Fiori et al., 2016; Froud & Khamis-Dakwar, 2012; Highman et al., 2008; Ingram et al., 2019; Iuzzini-Seigel et al., 2017, 2015; Murray et al., 2015; Overby, Belardi, & Schreiber, 2019; Overby & Caspari, 2015; Overby, Caspari, & Schreiber, 2019; Peter & Stoel-Gammon, 2008; Shriberg et al., 2012, 2017b, 2017d; Zuk et al., 2018
Vowel or consonant distortions, including distorted substitutions	Sound distortions	Segmental	Mayo	15 (75)	Case & Grigos, 2016; Fiori et al., 2016; Grigos et al., 2015; Iuzzini-Seigel et al., 2017, 2015; Kopera & Grigos, 2019; Moss & Grigos, 2012; Murray et al., 2015; Overby, Belardi, & Schreiber, 2019; Overby & Caspari, 2015; Overby, Caspari, & Schreiber, 2019; Preston et al., 2014; Shriberg et al., 2012, 2017b, 2017d; Zuk et al., 2018
Disrupted coarticulatory transitions/difficulty achieving initial articulatory configurations and transitions into vowels	Disrupted coarticulation	Segmental	ASHA, Mayo	15 (75)	Case & Grigos, 2016; Fiori et al., 2016; Grigos et al., 2015; Ingram et al., 2019; Iuzzini-Seigel et al., 2017, 2015; Kopera & Grigos, 2019; Murray et al., 2015; Overby, Belardi, & Schreiber, 2019; Overby & Caspari, 2015; Overby, Caspari, & Schreiber, 2019; Peter & Stoel-Gammon, 2008; Shriberg et al., 2012, 2017b, 2017d; Zuk et al., 2018
Vowel errors	Vowel errors	Segmental	D&V	14 (70)	Aziz et al., 2010; Case & Grigos, 2016; Froud & Khamis-Dakwar, 2012; Highman et al., 2008; Ingram et al., 2019; Iuzzini-Seigel et al., 2017, 2015; Kopera & Grigos, 2019; Overby & Caspari, 2015; Peter & Stoel-Gammon, 2008; Preston et al., 2014; Shriberg et al., 2012, 2017b, 2017d; Zuk et al., 2018
Voicing errors	Voicing errors	Segmental	Mayo	11 (55)	Fiori et al., 2016; Grigos et al., 2015; Iuzzini-Seigel et al., 2017, 2015; Murray et al., 2015; Overby, Belardi, & Schreiber, 2019; Overby & Caspari, 2015; Overby, Caspari, & Schreiber, 2019; Shriberg et al., 2012, 2017b, 2017d; Zuk et al., 2018
Inconsistent consonant and vowel errors	Inconsistent errors	Segmental	ASHA, D&V	10 (50)	Aziz et al., 2010; Case & Grigos, 2016; Fiori et al., 2016; Grigos et al., 2015; Highman et al., 2008; Ingram et al., 2019; Kopera & Grigos, 2019; Moss & Grigos, 2012; Murray et al., 2015; Peter & Stoel-Gammon, 2008
Slow rate	Slow rate	Suprasegmental	Mayo	9 (45)	Iuzzini-Seigel et al., 2017, 2015; Murray et al., 2015; Overby, Belardi, & Schreiber, 2019; Overby & Caspari, 2015; Overby, Caspari, & Schreiber, 2019; Shriberg et al., 2012, 2017b, 2017d; Zuk et al., 2018
Slow DDK rate	Slow DDK rate	Suprasegmental	Mayo, D&V	9 (45)	Fiori et al., 2016; Ingram et al., 2019; Murray et al., 2015; Overby, Belardi, & Schreiber, 2019; Overby & Caspari, 2015; Overby, Caspari, & Schreiber, 2019; Peter & Stoel-Gammon, 2008; Shriberg et al., 2012, 2017b, 2017d
Syllable segregation	Syllable segregation	Suprasegmental	Mayo	9 (45)	Iuzzini-Seigel et al., 2017, 2015; Murray et al., 2015; Overby, Belardi, & Schreiber, 2019; Overby & Caspari, 2015; Overby, Caspari, & Schreiber, 2019; Shriberg et al., 2012, 2017b, 2017d; Zuk et al., 2018
Intrusive schwa	Intrusive schwa	Segmental	Mayo	9 (45)	Iuzzini-Seigel et al., 2017, 2015; Murray et al., 2015; Overby, Belardi, & Schreiber, 2019; Overby & Caspari, 2015; Overby, Caspari, & Schreiber, 2019; Shriberg et al., 2012, 2017b, 2017d; Zuk et al., 2018
Limited phonetic inventory	Limited phonetic inventory	Segmental	D&V	7 (35)	Case & Grigos, 2016; Grigos et al., 2015; Highman et al., 2008; Ingram et al., 2019; Kopera & Grigos, 2019; Moss & Grigos, 2012; Peter & Stoel-Gammon, 2008
Consonant and syllable omissions/frequent omission errors	Omission errors	Segmental	D&V	6 (30)	Aziz et al., 2010; Highman et al., 2008; Ingram et al., 2019; Moss & Grigos, 2012; Peter & Stoel-Gammon, 2008; Preston et al., 2014
Impaired volitional oral movement/difficulty imitating oral movements	Oral movements	Motor	D&V	6 (30)	Aziz et al., 2010; Grigos et al., 2015; Highman et al., 2008; Ingram et al., 2019; Kopera & Grigos, 2019; Peter & Stoel-Gammon, 2008
Metathesis	Metathesis	Segmental	–	5 (25)	Froud & Khamis-Dakwar, 2012; Grigos et al., 2015; Kopera & Grigos, 2019; Moss & Grigos, 2012; Preston et al., 2014
Poorer expressive than receptive language skills	EL < RL	Other	D&V	4 (20)	Froud & Khamis-Dakwar, 2012; Grigos et al., 2015; Kopera & Grigos, 2019; Peter & Stoel-Gammon, 2008
Simple syllable shapes	Simple syllable shapes	Segmental	D&V	3 (15)	Highman et al., 2008; Ingram et al., 2019; Peter & Stoel-Gammon, 2008
Timing errors	Timing errors	Segmental	—	3 (15)	Case & Grigos, 2016; Grigos et al., 2015; Kopera & Grigos, 2019
Resonance or nasality disturbance	Resonance/nasality	Other	—	3 (15)	Iuzzini-Seigel et al., 2017, 2015; Zuk et al., 2018
Atypical errorsa	—	Segmental	—	1 (5)	Case & Grigos, 2016
Difficulty using sounds produced in isolation in sequencesa	—	Segmental	—	1 (5)	Moss & Grigos, 2012
Diphthong errorsa	—	Segmental	—	1 (5)	Highman et al., 2008
Increased artic variabilitya	—	Segmental	—	1 (5)	Fiori et al., 2016
Consonant cluster errorsa	—	Segmental	—	1 (5)	Froud & Khamis-Dakwar, 2012
Fricative/affricate errorsa	—	Segmental	—	1 (5)	Froud & Khamis-Dakwar, 2012
2- and 3-feature articulation errors (manner, place, voice)a	—	Segmental	—	1 (5)	Froud & Khamis-Dakwar, 2012
Difficulty imitating words/phrasesa	—	Motor	D&V	1 (5)	Peter & Stoel-Gammon, 2008
Oral nonverbal apraxiaa	—	Motor	—	1 (5)	Froud & Khamis-Dakwar, 2012
Speech more unintelligible than would be expected from single-word artic testsa	—	Other	—	1 (5)	Froud & Khamis-Dakwar, 2012
Short or absent frication/affricationa	—	Other	—	1 (5)	Ingram et al. (2019)

Note. Em dashes indicate data not applicable. Out of 37 CAS articles in total, 20 articles were included in this analysis of inclusion criteria. Thirteen were excluded because they were published before 2007; one article (Keske-Soares et al., 2018) was excluded because no diagnostic criteria were listed related to participant inclusion; one article (Strand et al., 2013) was excluded because it did not separate children with speech sound disorders into subgroups a priori; one article (Lewis et al., 2011) was excluded because it documented CAS based on parent report and because ASHA = criteria set listed in 2007 American Speech-Language-Hearing Association position statement on CAS; Mayo = criteria proposed by Shriberg et al. (2011); D&V = criteria proposed by Davis & Velleman (2000); DDK = diadochokinetic; EL = expressive language; RL = receptive language.

^* Shriberg et al. (2017b, 2017d) Parts II and IV were companion studies using the same inclusion criteria and investigating the same outcome measure—inclusion criteria from these studies were only counted once. Thus, percentages listed are based on the 20 articles charted.

^aMeasures that were only mentioned as inclusion criteria in one study were excluded from Figures 2 and 3 for ease of interpretation of the figures.