Table 4.

Charting of CAS studies in quantitative speech measures category.

Study	Participants			Method/task	Dependent measures	Main results	Sensitivity/specificity?
	Group	n	Age range years/years;months
Thoonen et al. (1999)	TD	11	6–8	Acoustic measures; maximum performance tasks	- Maximum phonation duration, maximum fricative duration, rate and accuracy of DDK	- Assessment protocol of maximum performance tasks had 89%–100% sensitivity and 97% specificity for differential diagnosis of CAS and dysarthria	Y
	Dys	9	6–10
	CAS	11	6–8
	SD	11	4–10
Maasen et al. (2001)	CAS	6	5;0–5;11	Acoustic measures; structured phrases	- F2 trajectories	- CAS group had greater anticipatory coarticulation and more variable formant trajectories than TD group	N
	TD	6	5;0–5;11
Nijland et al. (2002)	CAS	9	5;0–6;10	Acoustic measures; nonword repetition	- F2 trajectories	- CAS group had more variable coarticulation, less distinction between vowels than control groups	N
	TD	6	4;9–5;11
	HC	6	20–30
Munson et al. (2003)	sCAS	5	3;09–8;10	Acoustic measures, perceptual rating; troachic and iambic nonword repetition	- Vowel duration, F0, timing of F0 peak, intensity	- sCAS and SD groups both produced acoustic differences between stressed and unstressed syllables, but listeners judged the sCAS group to have fewer correct lexical stress productions	N
	SD	5			- Perceptual judgments of lexical stress
Nijland, Maassen, Van der Meulen, Gabreëls, et al., (2003)	CAS	6	5;0–5;11	Acoustic measures; phrase repetition	- F2 trajectories; segmental durations	- Children with CAS had stronger anticipatory coarticulation and reduced prosodic contrasts compared to the TD group	N
	TD	6	4;9–5;11
Shriberg et al. (2003)	sCAS	11	3;3–10;10	Acoustic measures; real-word repetition	- Lexical stress ratio (LSR)	- Children with sCAS had more extreme LSR values than children with SD	N
	SD	24	3;4–12;0
Moss & Grigos (2012)	CAS	6	3;0–7;0	Kinematic measures; real-word repetition (1–3 syllables)	- Lip and jaw spatial coupling, temporal coupling, and spatiotemporal index (STI)	- No group differences in spatiotemporal coupling, but CAS group had more variable movements	N
	TD	6
	SD	6
Grigos et al. (2015)	CAS	11	3;1–7;2	Kinematic measures; real-word repetition (increasing word length)	- Jaw and lip movement duration, velocity, displacement, and STI	- The CAS group had significantly higher variability in movement; movement duration and variability differences between the CAS group and the SD group increased as word length increased	N
	SD	11	3;2–7;8
	TD	11	3;1–7;0
Case & Grigos (2016)	CAS	8	5;4–5;7	Kinematic measures, phonetic transcription; novel-word learning	- Segmental accuracy, token-to-token consistency	- CAS group improved consonant accuracy and consistency with practice	N
	TD	8	5;0–5;7		- Lip and jaw movement duration and STI	- Increased variability in lip and jaw movements in CAS group that did not change with practice
Shriberg et al. (2017b)	CAS	60	4;0–23;0	Acoustic-aided scoring of pauses; 17 speech tasks from Madison Speech Assessment Protocol	- Pause Marker (PM) scores from continuous speech sample	- PM scores had high sensitivity and specificity for identifying speakers with CAS vs. other SDs	Y
	AOS	31	50;0–78;0
	SD	205	3;0–9;0
Shriberg et al. (2017d)	CAS	37	4;0–23;0	Acoustic-aided scoring of pauses; acoustic and perceptual measures of speech, prosody, and voice precision stability	- Pause Marker index (i.e., severity metric based on PM scores)	- The Pause Marker index ratings significantly correlated with other measures of CAS precision and stability, suggesting this measure can be used to index severity of CAS	N
	CND	46	3;0–10;0
	AOS	22	53;0–84;0
	SD	202	3;0–9;0
Kopera & Grigos (2019)	CAS	7	3;9–7;2	Acoustic measures, kinematic measures; production of multisyllable word in connected speech	For stressed and unstressed syllables: - Vowel duration, F0 - Jaw movement duration, displacement - Pairwise variability index (PVI): kinematic and acoustic	- CAS group showed reduced jaw movement duration contrast between stressed and unstressed syllables compared to TD group; no other acoustic or kinematic PVI measurements differed between groups	N
	SD	8	4;1–6;7
	TD	9	4;1–7;0

Note. TD = typically developing; Y/N = yes/no; Dys = dysarthria; CAS = childhood apraxia of speech, developmental apraxia of speech, speech disorder–developmental apraxia of speech (sCAS = suspected childhood apraxia of speech); DDK = diadochokinetic rate; SD = speech sound disorder, phonological disorder, articulation disorder, multiple phonological disorder; F2 = second formant; HC = healthy adult control; F0 = fundamental frequency; AOS = adult apraxia of speech; CND = complex neurodevelopmental disorder.