Table 5.
Charting of acquired apraxia of speech (AOS) studies in quantitative speech measures category.
| Study | Participants |
Method/task | Dependent measures | Main results | Sensitivity/specificity? | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group | n | |||||
| Haley & Overton (2001) | strAOS + APH | 10 | Acoustic measures; real-word/nonword repetition (multisyllabic words) | Vowel duration of mono- vs. polysyllabic words | - Vowel duration is longer in di- and trisyllabic words (cf. monosyllabic words) | N |
| strAPH | 10 | |||||
| HC | 10 | |||||
| Haley (2002) | strAOS + APH | 10 | Acoustic measures; real-word/nonword repetition | Fricative (/s/, /ʃ/) segment duration, first spectral moment | - Fricative segment duration was longer for strAOS + APH group compared to healthy controls only - Aberrant phonetic productions of fricatives were observed in both the strAOS + APH and strAPH groups, indicating that this type of phonetic error was not unique to individuals with a diagnosis of AOS |
N |
| strAPH | 10 | |||||
| HC | 10 | |||||
| Bartle-Meyer et al. (2009) | strAOS + APH | 5 | Kinematic measures; DDK | Covariance values between articulators of interest (tongue x jaw, tongue tip x tongue back) | - Articulatory coupling was greater for the majority (4/5) of strAOS + APH patients as compared healthy controls | N |
| HC | 12 | |||||
| Jacks et al. (2010) | strAOS + APH | 7 | Acoustic measures; real-word/nonword repetition | Vowel acoustic measures (absolute Bark formant values, vowel space area, intervowel distance, individual trial-to-trial formant variability) | - No significant between-groups differences (strAOS + APH vs. HC) on any acoustic vowel measures | N |
| HC (database) | – | |||||
| Wilson et al. (2010) | prAOS + APH | 14 | Acoustic measures, phonetic transcription; MRI-structural; spontaneous speech | (maximum) speech rate, # distortions, # phonological paraphasias | - Speech rate, particularly maximum speech rate, was reduced for the nfvPPA group compared to other subtypes and HCs - nfvPPA patients had a greater number of sound distortions compared to other subtypes and HCs |
N |
| prAPH | 36 | |||||
| NOS | 10 | |||||
| HC | 10 | |||||
| Courson et al. (2012) | strAOS (French) | 4 | Acoustic measures; real-word/nonword repetition (multisyllabic words) | PVI for vowel duration | - Both strAOS groups (English and French) had lower PVI for vowel duration values compared to HC | N |
| strAOS (English) | 9 | |||||
| HC (French) | 4 | |||||
| HC (English) | 9 | |||||
| Melle & Gallego (2012) | strAOS + APH | 4 | Acoustic measures; DDK (+ vowel alteration) | Magnitude/rate/regularity F2 variation, average AMR duration/rate, average SMR duration/rate | - AMR-based measures distinguished between strAOS + APH and HC groups - SMR-based measures distinguished between strAOS + APH and dysarthria groups |
N |
| strDYS | 4 | |||||
| HC | 15 | |||||
| Patel et al. (2013) | strAOS + APH | 4 | Acoustic measures; passage reading | Passage reading rate, pause frequency, variation in F0 and intensity, error counts | - Both AOS and dysarthria groups produced a greater number of errors on complex words - Errors of inconsistency were more common among AOS compared to dysarthria participants |
N |
| strDYS | 10 | |||||
| HC | 7 | |||||
| Ballard, Savage, et al. (2014) | prAOS + APH | 20 | Acoustic measures, MRI-structural, PET (PiB); spontaneous speech, real-word/nonword repetition (multisyllabic words) | PVI for vowel duration, peak intensity, syllable segregation (proportion silence time, duration of silences), VBM | - PVI for vowel duration differentiated the nfvPPA group from lvPPA and HC groups and was also highly consistent with expert judgment of AOS presence - VBM analysis showed the PVI for vowel duration was related to gray matter intensity in the precentral gyrus, SMA, and IFG regions bilaterally (for nfvPPA only) |
Y |
| prAPH | 21 | |||||
| HC | 17 | |||||
| Vergis et al. (2014) | strAOS + APH | 9 | Acoustic measures; real-word/nonword repetition (multisyllabic words) | Pairwise variability index (PVI) for vowel duration and peak intensity | - strAOS + APH group demonstrated significantly lower PVI for vowel duration for words with weak–strong stress compared to strAPH and HC groups - No group differences in PVI for intensity |
N |
| strAPH | 8 | |||||
| HC | 8 | |||||
| Ballard et al. (2016) | strAOS + APH | 35 | Acoustic measures, clinician rating; spontaneous speech, real-word/nonword repetition (multisyllabic words), words of inc. length | 15 model predictor variables including acoustics and clinician-rated measures | - 2 measures distinguished between strAOS + APH and strAPH groups: (1) speech errors with words of increasing length and (2) relative vowel duration in 3-syllable words with weak–strong stress pattern | Y |
| strAPH | 37 | |||||
| Basilakos et al. (2017) | strAOS + APH | 20 | Acoustic measures; spontaneous speech | PVI for vowel duration, proportion of distortion errors, VOT variability, amplitude envelope modulation spectrum | - Classification accuracy for AOS was over 90% for all variables together - Envelope modulation spectrum variables had the greatest effect on classification |
Y |
| strAPH | 24 | |||||
| DC | 13 | |||||
| Duffy et al. (2017) | prAOS | 21 | Acoustic measures; real-word/nonword repetition (multisyllabic words), sentence repetition | Repetition rate for 1- to 4-syllable words + sentences, duration of word, sentence production, PVI for vowel duration | - PPAOS group had longer durations and a reduced rate for both single words and sentences compared to all other groups - PPAOS group had a reduced PVI compared to all other groups - Diagnostic accuracy was highest for identifying PPAOS based on acoustic metrics for longer multisyllabic words and sentences |
Y |
| prAPH | 26 | |||||
| HC | 11 | |||||
| Scholl et al. (2018) | strAOS + APH | 20 | Acoustic measures, phonetic transcription; real-word/nonword repetition (multisyllabic words) | PVI for vowel duration, error variability, no. of errors, no. of errors over consecutive repetitions | - strAOS + APH group had a greater number of errors overall, greater error variability, reduced improvement across consecutive repetitions, and reduced PVI compared to strAPH group - PVI measure was a stronger predictor of AOS presence than error variability measures |
Y |
| strAPH | 21 | |||||
| Haley & Jacks (2019) | strAOS + APH | 7 | Acoustic measures; real-word/nonword repetition (multisyllabic words) | PVI for vowel duration, F0, and intensity, lexical stress ratio, word syllable duration | - 3 duration-based acoustic measures differentiated strAOS + APH from both strAPH and HC groups: PVI for vowel duration, lexical stress ratio and word syllable duration - Diagnostic overlap was smallest for word syllable duration measure, which also had the highest interrater reliability |
N |
| strAPH | 9 | |||||
| HC | 19 | |||||
Note. str = poststroke or other acute acquired etiology; AOS + APH = AOS with comorbid language impairment; Y/N = yes/no; APH = aphasia-only deficits (no AOS); HC = healthy control; AOS = AOS without comorbid language deficits; DDK = diadochokinetic rate; pr = progressive etiology; MRI-structural = structural magnetic resonance imaging; NOS = diagnosis not otherwise specified, e.g., semantic dementia, behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia; nfvPPA = nonfluent variant primary progressive aphasia; F2 = second formant; AMR = alternating motion rate; DYS = dysarthria-only group (no AOS, no aphasia); SMR = sequential motion rate; F0 = fundamental frequency; PET = positron emission tomography; PiB = Pittsburgh compound B; lvPPA = logopenic variant primary progressive aphasia; VBM = voxel-based morphometry; SMA = supplementary motor area; IFG = inferior frontal gyrus; VOT = voice onset time; DC = other disease control; PPAOS = primary progressive apraxia of speech.