Table 3.
Brain regions detected by VBM with a significant decrease or increase GMV in heavy smokers than HC.
| Brain regions (AAL) | Cluster size (voxels) | Peak MNI coordinates | Peak t-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| X | Y | Z | |||
| HS < HC | |||||
| Right cerebrum | 129 | 31.5 | 40.5 | 9 | 5.313 |
| Left cerebrum | 73 | −13.5 | −99 | 31.5 | 3.63 |
| Occipital_Sup_R | 100 | 21 | −93 | 46.5 | 3.88 |
| Precuneus_L | 50 | −12 | −49.5 | 51 | 3.93 |
| HS>HC | |||||
| Occipital_Inf_L | 58 | −40.5 | −70.5 | −9 | −3.64 |
| Lingual_L | 355 | −1.5 | −79.5 | −1.5 | −4.39 |
AAL, anatomical automatic labeling; MNI, montreal neurological institute; L, left hemisphere; R, right hemisphere; HS, heavy smokers; HC, healthy controls. t-value, positive t-value indicates GM volume in HS is significantly smaller than HC while negative value indicates the opposite. The cluster size is more than 50 voxels and the threshold is set as p < 0.001, uncorrected.