Table 3.
LV Deformation Parameters on Real-Time 1-Beat 3D-STE
| Variable | Control | Hypertension | HHF | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LVH (−) | LVH (+) | HFpEF | HFrEF | ||
| Radial strain | |||||
| Endocardium | 35.7±8.1 | 36.1±8.4 | 33.0±8.6 | 30.4±11.3*,† | 20.0±6.1*,†,‡,§ |
| Mid-wall | 34.6±7.9 | 35.1±8.1 | 31.7±8.2 | 29.7±10.5*,† | 20.0±6.1*,†,‡,§ |
| Epicardium | 33.4±8.1 | 34.0±8.0 | 30.5±8.2 | 29.1±10.2*,† | 20.0±6.1*,†,‡,§ |
| Radial SR-S (/s) | |||||
| Endocardium | 2.68±0.81 | 2.60±0.60 | 2.40±0.63 | 2.31±0.97*,† | 1.73±0.60*,†,‡,§ |
| Mid-wall | 2.45±0.77 | 2.36±0.52 | 2.25±0.63 | 2.13±0.84*,† | 1.62±0.52*,†,‡,§ |
| Epicardium | 2.15±0.63 | 2.09±0.46 | 2.03±0.52 | 1.84±0.70*,† | 1.52±0.48*,†,‡,§ |
| Longitudinal strain | |||||
| Endocardium | −19.2±3.2 | −18.0±4.3 | −16.0±4.5* | −14.5±6.1*,† | −10.5±4.2*,†,‡,§ |
| Mid-wall | −15.0±2.4 | −13.9±3.0 | −12.7±3.3 | −11.3±4.4*,† | −8.3±3.0*,†,‡,§ |
| Epicardium | −10.7±2.3 | −9.7±2.2 | −9.5±2.7 | −8.1±3.2*,† | −6.0±2.3*,†,‡,§ |
| Longitudinal SR-S (/s) | |||||
| Endocardium | −1.54±0.57 | −1.44±0.36 | −1.42±0.41 | −1.27±0.74*,† | −1.13±0.40*,†,‡,§ |
| Mid-wall | −0.84±0.30 | −0.82±0.29 | −0.78±0.29 | −0.71±0.43*,† | −0.67±0.28*,†,‡,§ |
| Epicardium | −0.46±0.19 | −0.45±0.21 | −0.44±0.17 | −0.36±0.25 | −0.36±0.18*,†,‡,§ |
| Circumferential strain | |||||
| Endocardium | −29.3±5.6 | −29.5±8.2 | −26.4±6.4 | −24.8±5.1 | −15.5±5.3*,†,‡,§ |
| Mid-wall | −19.4±3.9 | −19.6±5.2 | −18.0±4.2 | −16.9±3.7 | −10.7±3.4*,†,‡,§ |
| Epicardium | −9.5±3.6 | −9.8±3.1 | −9.7±3.0 | −9.0±3.0 | −5.9±2.8*,†,‡,§ |
| Torsion (°/cm) | |||||
| Endocardium | 2.48±0.34 | 2.44±0.42 | 2.32±0.30 | 2.19±0.49*,† | 1.91±0.31*,†,‡,§ |
| Mid-wall | 1.18±0.22 | 1.25±0.30 | 1.32±0.31 | 1.21±0.31 | 0.98±0.20*,†,‡,§ |
| Epicardium | 0.48±0.22 | 0.55±0.28 | 0.64±0.26* | 0.56±0.30 | 0.33±0.15*,†,‡,§ |
| Global torsion (°/cm) | 1.38±0.20 | 1.43±0.30 | 1.50±0.31 | 1.33±0.31 | 1.04±0.17*,†,‡,§ |
| Global twist (°) | 8.6±1.4 | 8.9±1.7 | 9.4±1.5* | 9.4±2.0 | 8.9±1.9 |
| Torsion/longitudinal strain | −0.09±0.02 | −0.10±0.03 | −0.12±0.04* | −0.13±0.05* | −0.15±0.07*,†,‡,§ |
| Torsion/SV | 0.029±0.008 | 0.034±0.016 | 0.034±0.012 | 0.036±0.015* | 0.025±0.009†,‡,§ |
| Torsion at epicardium/SV | 0.010±0.006 | 0.013±0.009 | 0.014±0.007* | 0.015±0.008* | 0.008±0.004†,‡,§ |
Data given as mean±SD. *P<0.05 vs. control, †P<0.05 vs. LVH (−), ‡P<0.05 vs. LVH (+), §P<0.05 vs. HFpEF. LV, left ventricular; SR-S, strain rate during systole. Other abbreviations as in Table 2.