Figure 3.

Multi-scale modeling of pathophysiologic vascular morphology associated with vascular diseases. Microfluidic models have been developed to model pathologic alterations in vascular morphology at the vessel and network levels. Examples of investigations into focal vessel pathologies include microfluidics designed to model aneurysm (left) and stenosis (right). Examples of investigations into network pathologies include microfluidics designed to model high vessel tortuosity (top) and developmental pathologies in the circle of Willis (bottom). Functional outputs highlighted include computational fluid dynamic studies using microfluidic system morphology (left, right, bottom), quantitative and qualitative validation of vessel size and shape (top), and biochemical analysis to assess adhesion (right). [left: images reproduced from Kaneko et al. (2018) with permission from BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. Right: images reproduced from Westein et al. (2013). Top: Images republished with permission of Royal Society of Chemistry from van der Meer et al. (2013); permissions conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center Inc. Bottom: images reprinted from Nam et al. (2015), Copyright 2015, with permission from Elsevier].