Table 3.
Clinical characteristics prior to admission of CORONADO participants, according to death within 28 days
| Death within 28 days | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical features | Available data | No (n = 2219) | Yes (n = 577) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Age-adjusted p value |
| Sex (female) | 2796 | 826/2219 (37.2) | 188/577 (32.6) | 0.82 (0.67, 0.99) | 0.69 (0.56, 0.84) | <0.001 |
| Age (years) | 2796 | 67.9 ± 13.0 | 76.8 ± 11.3 | 1.06 (1.05, 1.07) | – | <0.001 |
| Age class (years) | 2796 | <0.001 | ||||
| <55 | 345/2219 (15.5) | 22/577 (3.8) | 1 | |||
| 55–64 | 511/2219 (23.0) | 54/577 (9.4) | 1.66 (0.99, 2.77) | – | 0.054 | |
| 65–74 | 657/2219 (29.6) | 140/577 (24.3) | 3.34 (2.09, 5.34) | – | <0.001 | |
| ≥75 | 706/2219 (31.8) | 361/577 (62.6) | 8.02 (5.12, 12.6) | – | <0.001 | |
| Ethnicity | 2384 | 0.35 | ||||
| EU | 1065/1895 (56.2) | 320/489 (65.4) | 1 | 1 | ||
| MENA | 406/1895 (21.4) | 91/489 (18.6) | 0.75 (0.58, 0.97) | 0.98 (0.74, 1.28) | 0.86 | |
| AC | 357/1895 (18.8) | 58/489 (11.9) | 0.54 (0.40, 0.73) | 1.01 (0.73, 1.41) | 0.94 | |
| AS | 67/1895 (3.5) | 20/489 (4.1) | 0.99 (0.59, 1.66) | 1.67 (0.96, 2.88) | 0.068 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 2460 | 28.6 (25.2–32.6) | 27.8 (24.5–31.7) | 0.91 (0.82, 1.00) | 1.06 (0.95, 1.18) | 0.31 |
| BMI class | 2460 | 0.17 | ||||
| <25 kg/m2 | 473/1973 (24.0) | 138/487 (28.3) | 1 | 1 | ||
| 25–29.9 kg/m2 | 716/1973 (36.3) | 174/487 (35.7) | 0.83 (0.65, 1.07) | 0.96 (0.74, 1.25) | 0.78 | |
| 30–39.9 kg/m2 | 679/1973 (34.4) | 144/487 (29.6) | 0.73 (0.56, 0.94) | 0.98 (0.74, 1.29) | 0.89 | |
| ≥40 kg/m2 | 105/1973 (5.3) | 31/487 (6.4) | 1.01 (0.65, 1.58) | 1.63 (1.02, 2.60) | 0.042 | |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 1767 | 10 (4–18) | 15 (8–23) | 1.47 (1.27, 1.69) | 1.20 (1.04, 1.39) | 0.015 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol)a | 1800 | 61.6 (50.8–76.0) | 59.6 (50.8–69.4) | 0.80 (0.70, 0.91) | 0.90 (0.78, 1.04) | 0.16 |
| HbA1c (%)a | 1800 | 7.8 (6.8–9.1) | 7.6 (6.8–8.5) | 0.80 (0.70, 0.91) | 0.90 (0.78, 1.04) | 0.16 |
| Hypertension | 2769 | 1644/2198 (74.8) | 482/571 (84.4) | 1.83 (1.43, 2.33) | 1.25 (0.97, 1.62) | 0.090 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 2710 | 981/2157 (45.5) | 286/553 (51.7) | 1.28 (1.06, 1.55) | 1.15 (0.95, 1.40) | 0.16 |
| Current tobacco use | 2288 | 109/1855 (5.9) | 22/433 (5.1) | 0.86 (0.54, 1.37) | 1.00 (0.61, 1.62) | 0.99 |
| Long-term diabetes complications | ||||||
| Microvascular complicationsb | 1966 | 604/1591 (38.0) | 265/375 (70.7) | 3.94 (3.08, 5.03) | 2.63 (2.03, 3.40) | <0.001 |
| Macrovascular complicationsc | 2627 | 725/2089 (34.7) | 289/538 (53.7) | 2.18 (1.80, 2.65) | 1.60 (1.30, 1.95) | <0.001 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Heart failure | 2651 | 200/2121 (9.4) | 102/530 (19.2) | 2.29 (1.76, 2.97) | 1.59 (1.21, 2.10) | 0.001 |
| NAFLD or liver cirrhosis | 2640 | 178/2098 (8.5) | 40/542 (7.4) | 0.86 (0.60, 1.23) | 1.10 (0.76, 1.59) | 0.63 |
| Active cancer | 2742 | 194/2175 (8.9) | 59/567 (10.4) | 1.19 (0.87, 1.61) | 0.89 (0.65, 1.22) | 0.47 |
| COPD | 2732 | 180/2168 (8.3) | 83/564 (14.7) | 1.91 (1.44, 2.52) | 1.58 (1.18, 2.10) | 0.002 |
| Treated OSA | 2593 | 211/2049 (10.3) | 62/544 (11.4) | 1.12 (0.83, 1.51) | 1.22 (0.89, 1.67) | 0.21 |
| Routine treatment before admission | ||||||
| Metformin | 2794 | 1306/2217 (58.9) | 247/577 (42.8) | 0.52 (0.43, 0.63) | 0.63 (0.52, 0.77) | <0.001 |
| Sulfonylurea/glinides | 2794 | 633/2217 (28.6) | 149/577 (25.8) | 0.87 (0.71, 1.07) | 0.83 (0.67, 1.03) | 0.093 |
| DPP4-inhibitors | 2794 | 502/2217 (22.6) | 113/577 (19.6) | 0.83 (0.66, 1.05) | 0.83 (0.65, 1.05) | 0.12 |
| GLP-1RA | 2794 | 221/2217 (10.0) | 33/577 (5.7) | 0.55 (0.38, 0.80) | 0.78 (0.53, 1.15) | 0.21 |
| Insulin | 2796 | 762/2219 (34.3) | 277/577 (48.0) | 1.77 (1.47, 2.12) | 1.72 (1.41, 2.08) | <0.001 |
| Diureticsd | 2794 | 768/2217 (34.6) | 290/577 (50.3) | 1.91 (1.58, 2.29) | 1.48 (1.22, 1.80) | <0.001 |
| β-Blockers | 2794 | 732/2217 (33.0) | 256/577 (44.4) | 1.62 (1.34, 1.95) | 1.27 (1.04, 1.54) | 0.017 |
| CCB | 2794 | 710/2217 (32.0) | 214/577 (37.1) | 1.25 (1.03, 1.51) | 1.17 (0.96, 1.43) | 0.12 |
| ARBs and/or ACE inhibitors and/or MRAe | 2794 | 1219/2217 (55.0) | 351/577 (60.8) | 1.27 (1.05, 1.53) | 1.15 (0.94, 1.40) | 0.17 |
| Statins | 2794 | 983/2217 (44.3) | 299/577 (51.8) | 1.35 (1.12, 1.62) | 1.27 (1.05, 1.54) | 0.015 |
| Anti-platelet therapy | 2794 | 834/2217 (37.6) | 291/577 (50.4) | 1.69 (1.40, 2.03) | 1.34 (1.11, 1.63) | 0.003 |
| Anticoagulation therapy | 2794 | 352/2217 (15.9) | 149/577 (25.8) | 1.84 (1.48, 2.29) | 1.25 (0.99, 1.58) | 0.057 |
Population size was N = 2796. Data shown are n (%), and mean ± SD or median (25th–75th percentile) if not normally distributed
p values are calculated using Wald test (unadjusted and age-adjusted logistic regression, except for ‘age’ and ‘age class’, which were not adjusted). ORs correspond to an increase of 1 SD after natural-log transformation and standardisation for BMI, diabetes duration and HbA1c
aHbA1c determined in the 6 months prior to or in the first 7 days following hospital admission
bMicrovascular complication was defined as history of one or more of the following: diabetic kidney disease and/or severe diabetic retinopathy and/or diabetic foot ulcer
cMacrovascular complication was defined as history of one or more of the following comorbidities: ischaemic heart disease (acute coronary syndrome and/or coronary artery revascularisation) and/or cerebrovascular disease (stroke and/or transient ischaemic attack) and/or peripheral artery disease (amputation owing to ischaemic disease and/or lower limb artery revascularisation)
dDiuretics stands here for loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics, and potassium-sparing diuretics
eMRAs include spironolactone and eplerenone
Abbreviations: EU, Europid; MENA, Middle East North Africa; AC, African or Caribbean; AS, Asian; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; GLP-1RA, glucagon-like peptide 1-receptor agonist