TABLE 1.

Clinical trial and their therapeutic benefits for the management of COVID-19.

Sn.	Name of drug (s)/treatment	Type of study	Therapeutic Benefit	Adverse/side reactions	Reference
1	Hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin	Open label non-randomized clinical trial	Patient treated with hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin were virologically cured compared with patients treated with hydroxychloroquine alone and control group.	1 patient stopped treatment due to nausea on day 3	Gautret et al. (2020a)
2	Chloroquine	Multileft clinical trials	State council of China stated that Chloroquine phosphate was found to be markedly effective in controlling the deteriorating condition of COVID-19 patients in many of the clinical trial Centers in China in Feb 2020	—	Gao et al. (2020)
3	Hydroxychloroquine/Azithromycin	Sngle arm observational study	HCQ and azithromycin (3) showed 100% recovery of the COVID-19 patients and tested negative within 6 days of treatment	—	Raoult (2020)
4	Hydroxychloroquine	Guidance	81% of the patients showed improvement in the condition of pneumonia in the HCQ group compared to 55% in the control group	—	Chen et al. (2020f)
5	Hydroxychloroquine with azithromycin	In-vivo	Rapid clearance of virus. The therapeutic effect was more significant in combination than HCQ alone	—	Megarbane and Scherrmann (2020)
6	Hydroxychloroquine with azithromycin	Uncontrolled non-comparative observational study	They observed that no evidence of a strong antiviral activity or clinical benefit of the combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin for the treatment of hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19		Molina et al. (2020)
7	Hydroxychloroquine with azithromycin	Uncontrolled non-comparative observational study	Clinical improvement, Out of 80 patients, one died, one was admitted to the ICU, and the rest were negative on day 7.		Gautret et al. (2020b)
8	Hydroxychloroquine	Randomized open-label controlled trial: pilot study	Both group (HCQ /supportive care and supportive care) performed equally.	one patient suffered from severe symptoms	Chen et al. (2020c)
9	Hydroxychloroquine with azithromycin	Retrospective cohort study	Mortality was high in HCQ group, followed by combination with azithromycin, and no HCQ. Increased overall mortality in HCQ group.		Magagnoli et al. (2020)
10	Remdesivir	Case Report	Improvement of patient condition	—	Holshue et al. (2020)
11	Remdesivir	Inconclusive study using investigational antiviral drug	12 Patient were given treatment till improvement	GIT symptoms	Kujawski et al. (2020)
12	Remdesivir	Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of intravenous remdesivir	The recovery time is reduced from 15 to 11 days as compared to control group	—	Beigel et al. (2020)
13	Favipiravir	Randomized Clinical Trial	The viral clearance time was reduced to 4 days compared to 11 days.	Adverse effects caused by Favipiravir are mild and manageable	Chen et al. (2020a)
14	Lopinavir and ritonavir	Retrospective study	Lopinavir showed beneficial effect in COVID-19	—	Yan et al. (2020)
15	Arbidol/Lopinavir and ritonavir	A retrospective cohort study	In patients with COVID-19, the apparent favorable clinical response with arbidol and LPV/r supports further LPV/r only.		Deng et al. (2020)
16	Lopinavir/ritonavir, arbidol	Retrospective single-centre study	Lopinavir/ritonavir, arbidol were used in a small number of patients. Corticosteriods were used only in case of emergency situation. 215 patients discharged, 22 admitted to ICU,	8 patients developed ARDS, 2 patients died	Chen et al. (2020d)
17	Arbidol	Clinical trial underway	No data	GIT irritation	Jun et al. (2020)
18	Lopinavir/ritonavir, Recombinant human inteferon-α2b Recombinant cytokine gene derived protein, arbidol and Chinese medicines	Double centre observational study	97.9% patients recovered, Lopinavir/ritonavir 75.9, Recombinant human interferon- α2b:45.4%, Recombinant cytokine gene derived protein:18.9%, arbidol 17.2% and chinese medicine:96.6%	2 patients died	Chen et al. (2020e)
19	Interferon β-1b, Lopinavir/ritonavir, and Ribavirin	Open Labeled Clinical Trial Phase-2	Used along with other drugs like Lopinavir and ritonavir showed improvement in viral shedding	Nausea and diarrhea	Huang et al. (2020), Hung et al. (2020)
20	Baricitinib		Pilot study showed beneficial effect of baricitinib over LPV/r therapy		Mehta et al. (2020)
21	Ivermectin	Icon Study	Patient with Ivermectin showed significantly lower mortality rate than control group	-	Rajter et al. (2020)
22	Ivermectin	Hospital-based matched case-control study	Prophylactic effect on health care worker showed 73% reduction in COVID infection	—	Behera et al. (2020)
23	Convalescent Plasma	Multileft Study	Clinical improvement observed in 5000 patients. Convalescent plasma efficacy is inferior to remdesivir when treating COVID-19 patients. Convalescent plasma may be used as a supportive treatment in COVID-19 patients, but must be given as early as possible from the diagnosis.	More than 1% patients showed adverse side effects	Joyner et al. (2020)
24	Convalescent Plasma	Randomized Clinical Trial	52% patients showed clinical improvement with no difference in mortality rate		Li et al. (2020)
25	Interferon Alfacon-1 Plus Corticosteroids	Non-randomized clinical trial	Better clinical outcome in COVID-19 patients with corticosteroids		Loutfy et al. (2003)
26	Dexamethasone	Several trials	Dexamethasone reduces the mortality in severely ill COVID-19 patients.		Horby et al. (2020)
27	Antiviral, Arbidol, Lopinavir/ritonavir, interferon, Ribavirin, oseltamivir, Fluoroquinolones	Multicentre retrospective cohort study to analyze data and treatment of 60severe cases	34 received IV corticosteroid, 28 received IgG; 50 patients improved, 2 patients discharged, 8 remained in a serious condition	4 patients developed secondary infection received glucocorticoids	Huang et al. (2020)
28	Lopinavir/ritonavir	Case report	Treatment with Lopinavir 200 mg /ritonavir 50 mg; Observations indicate reduction in viral load and improvement of symptoms	complaint of depression, insomnia, suicidal thoughts	Lim et al. (2020)
29	Lopinavir, Interferon-a2b atomization inhalation	Retrospective observational single centre study	Treatment with Lopinavir 400 mg , 7 patients discharged, 3 stopped Lopinavir, 2 deteriorated and 1 patient was hospitalized for longer period	digestive problem and hypokalaemia	Liu et al. (2020a)
30	Lopinavir/ritonavir	Retrospective case series study	5 patients out of 10 were discharged, other still under treatment.	—	Lo et al. (2020)
31	Arbidol, Lopinavir/ritonavir, interferon inhalation immune enhancer	Single-centre retrospective case study	22 patients out of 155 died	not reported	Mo et al. (2020)