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Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited.
Surface plots of logarithmic (to the base 10) objective function by fixing q1 = q2 = 1 but varying q3, q4 from 0.1 to 2; (a)–(d) represents the surface plots derived from models of KNN, XGBoost, MLP and ABAQUS simulation, respectively.