Table 2. Associations Between Participants’ p-Factor; Externalizing, Internalizing, and Thought Disorder Scores; and Signs of Aging at Midlife, Controlling for Sex, Childhood Health Indicators, Childhood Maltreatment, and Childhood Socioeconomic Status^a,b.

Sign of aging	β (95% CI)c				No.d
	p-Factor score	Externalizing disorder score	Internalizing disorder score	Thought disorder score
Laboratory test
Pace of aging	0.21 (0.15 to 0.27)	0.21 (0.15 to 0.27)	0.18 (0.11 to 0.24)	0.21 (0.15 to 0.27)	932
Hearing difficulties	0.16 (0.09 to 0.22)	0.13 (0.06 to 0.20)	0.15 (0.08 to 0.21)	0.15 (0.09 to 0.22)	902
Vision difficulties	0.05 (–0.02 to 0.11)	–0.02 (–0.09 to 0.05)	0.04 (–0.03 to 0.11)	0.03 (–0.03 to 0.10)	904
Balance difficulties	0.17 (0.11 to 0.23)	0.12 (0.06 to 0.19)	0.15 (0.08 to 0.21)	0.16 (0.10 to 0.22)	911
Motor difficulties	0.14 (0.08 to 0.20)	0.08 (0.02 to 0.15)	0.15 (0.09 to 0.22)	0.14 (0.08 to 0.21)	904
Cognitive difficulties	0.10 (0.05 to 0.14)	0.13 (0.08 to 0.17)	0.06 (0.02 to 0.11)	0.10 (0.05 to 0.14)	918
Self-report
Pace of aging	0.07 (0.00 to 0.14)	0.00 (–0.07 to 0.06)	0.07 (0.00 to 0.14)	0.06 (0.00 to 0.13)	893
Hearing difficulties	0.20 (0.14 to 0.26)	0.09 (0.03 to 0.16)	0.18 (0.11 to 0.23)	0.18 (0.11 to 0.24)	924
Vision difficulties	0.34 (0.28 to 0.39)	0.18 (0.11 to 0.24)	0.32 (0.26 to 0.38)	0.32 (0.26 to 0.38)	925
Balance difficulties	0.32 (0.26 to 0.38)	0.17 (0.11 to 0.24)	0.28 (0.22 to 0.34)	0.30 (0.24 to 0.35)	924
Motor difficulties	0.34 (0.28 to 0.40)	0.20 (0.13 to 0.26)	0.30 (0.24 to 0.37)	0.31 (0.25 to 0.37)	923
Cognitive difficulties	0.44 (0.38 to 0.49)	0.25 (0.18 to 0.31)	0.36 (0.30 to 0.42)	0.38 (0.33 to 0.44)	917

^aParticipants’ p-factor scores were measured as a latent factor summarizing the common variance among all of the multiple psychiatric symptoms ever experienced by participants between ages 18 and 45 years. Internalizing, externalizing, and thought disorder factor scores were measured as correlated latent factors summarizing common variance among internalizing, externalizing, and thought disorder symptoms ever experienced by participants between ages 18 and 45 years.

^bAll associations are adjusted for participants’ sex, a childhood measure matched to each adult outcome (eg, childhood hearing test to adult hearing test, childhood motor test to adult motor test, and childhood cognitive test to adult cognitive test), childhood maltreatment, and childhood socioeconomic status.

^cβ Indicates standardized estimate.

^dA total of 938 participants were assessed at age 45 years (94% of the living Dunedin Study participants). The No. column reflects participants who have both psychopathology data and age-45-years outcome data.