Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of HFpEF patients stratified according to the C2HEST score risk strata
| Variables | Total population (n = 2202) | Low risk (n = 1116) | Medium risk (n = 913) | High risk (n = 173) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment arm (spirolactone) | 1098, 49.9% | 543, 48.7% | 465, 50.9% | 90, 50.2% | 0.499 |
| Demographic | |||||
| Age (years) | 67.01 ± 9.44 | 63.03 ± 6.72 | 69.45 ± 10.02 | 79.77 ± 4.01 | < 0.001 |
| Age ≥ 75 years | 514, 23.3% | 0, 0.0% | 341, 37.3% | 173, 100.0% | < 0.001 |
| Male gender | 997, 45.3% | 449, 40.2% | 455, 49.8% | 93, 53.8% | < 0.001 |
| White race | 1923, 87.3% | 965, 86.5% | 811, 88.8% | 147, 85.0% | 0.177 |
| Current smoking | 280, 12.7% | 136, 12.2% | 138, 15.1% | 6, 3.5% | < 0.001 |
| Ever smoking | 732, 33.2% | 301, 27.0% | 346, 37.9% | 85, 49.1% | < 0.001 |
| Alcohol drinking | 443, 20.1% | 228, 20.4% | 176, 19.3% | 39, 22.7% | 0.556 |
| Physical examination | |||||
| Heart rate (bpm) | 68.61 ± 10.14 | 69.27 ± 10.21 | 68.02 ± 10.06 | 67.49 ± 9.83 | 0.007 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 130.61 ± 13.93 | 131.15 ± 13.88 | 130.07 ± 13.89 | 130.01 ± 14.45 | 0.187 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 76.70 ± 10.68 | 78.51 ± 10.40 | 75.51 ± 10.52 | 71.27 ± 10.61 | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 32.05 ± 7.18 | 32.64 ± 7.58 | 31.66 ± 6.90 | 30.32 ± 5.48 | < 0.001 |
| NYHA class (III or IV) | 650, 29.5% | 262, 23.5% | 319, 34.9% | 69, 39.9% | < 0.001 |
| eGFR [mL/(min*1.73m2)] | 69.19 ± 20.80 | 71.62 ± 21.20 | 67.91 ± 20.00 | 60.31 ± 19.40 | < 0.001 |
| Medical history | |||||
| Previous MI | 634, 28.8% | 29, 2.6% | 477, 52.2% | 128, 74.0% | < 0.001 |
| Previous stroke | 146, 6.6% | 57, 5.1% | 65, 7.1% | 24, 13.9% | < 0.001 |
| COPD | 231, 10.5% | 8, 0.7% | 167, 18.3% | 56, 32.4% | < 0.001 |
| Asthma | 145, 6.6% | 62, 5.6% | 66, 7.2% | 17, 9.8% | 0.064 |
| Hypertension | 2024, 91.9% | 996, 89.2% | 855, 93.6% | 173, 100.0% | < 0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 1297, 58.9% | 559, 50.1% | 606, 66.4% | 132, 76.3% | < 0.001 |
| Thyroid disease | 274, 12.4% | 123, 11.0% | 122, 13.4% | 29, 16.8% | 0.057 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 752, 34.2% | 368, 33.0% | 314, 34.4% | 70, 40.5% | 0.151 |
| Peripheral artery disease | 217, 9.9% | 66, 5.9% | 126, 13.8% | 25, 14.5% | < 0.001 |
| Medications | |||||
| ACEIs or ARBs | 1880, 85.4% | 978, 87.7% | 771, 84.4% | 131, 75.7% | < 0.001 |
| Beta blockers | 1728, 78.5% | 860, 77.1% | 733, 80.3% | 135, 78.0% | 0.225 |
| Diuretics | 1728, 78.5% | 901, 80.8% | 679, 74.4% | 148, 85.5% | < 0.001 |
| CCBs | 875, 39.7% | 464, 41.6% | 329, 36.0% | 82, 47.4% | 0.004 |
| Statins | 1143, 51.9% | 479, 43.0% | 549, 60.1% | 115, 66.5% | < 0.001 |
| Aspirin | 1622, 73.7% | 776, 69.6% | 703, 77.0% | 143, 82.7% | < 0.001 |
| Warfarin | 88, 4.0% | 33, 3.0% | 44, 4.8% | 11, 6.4% | 0.027 |
Values are represented as n, % or mean ± SD, as appropriate
AF atrial fibrillation, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, BMI body mass index, NYHA New York Heart Association, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, CAD coronary artery disease, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ACEI angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB angiotensin receptor blocker, CCB calcium channel blocker