TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of 2018–2019 controls and patients with COVID-191
| Total | COVID-19 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2018–2019 Controls | COVID-19 | P | Nonsevere group2 | Severe group3 | P 4 | |
| n | 560 | 335 | 261 | 74 | ||
| Age, y | 55.0 (49.0–60.0) | 56.0 (43.0–64.0) | 0.18 | 54.0 (40.0–62.0) | 62.5 (51.0–75.3) | <0.0001 |
| Male, n (%) | 257 (45.9) | 148 (44.2) | 0.62 | 105 (40.2) | 43 (58.1) | 0.006 |
| BMI,5 kg/m2 | 24.6 ± 3.35 | 23.5 ± 3.13 | <0.0001 | 23.6 ± 3.07 | 23.1 ± 3.37 | 0.4 |
| Comorbidity status,6 n (%) | 145 (26.5)7 | 147 (43.9) | <0.0001 | 97 (37.2) | 50 (67.6) | <0.0001 |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Never | Unknown | 290 (86.6) | 229 (87.7) | 61 (82.4) | 0.24 | |
| Former/current | Unknown | 45 (13.4) | 32 (12.3) | 13 (17.6) | ||
| Serum 25(OH)D, nmol/L | 32.5 (25.3–41.8) | 26.5 (20.7–33.8) | <0.0001 | 27.5 (21.8–34.5) | 23.1 (18.1–28.3) | <0.0001 |
| Serum vitamin D status, n (%) | <0.0001 | 0.0004 | ||||
| Deficient8 | 228 (40.7) | 218 (65.1) | 157 (60.2) | 61 (82.4) | ||
| Nondeficient9 | 332 (59.3) | 117 (34.9) | 104 (39.8) | 13 (17.6) | ||
Values are medians (IQRs) or means ± SDs for continuous variables or frequencies (%) for categorical variables. COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D.
Nonsevere patients were those with mild respiratory illness with fever, cough, or pneumonia on chest radiography.
Severe COVID-19 was defined as meeting any of the following: respiratory distress, respiratory rate ≥30 breaths/min, hypoxemia, oxygen saturation (SpO2) ≤93% (at rest), lung infiltrates >50% within 24–48 h, respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation, shock, or multiple organ dysfunction requiring intensive care unit monitoring and treatment.
Continuous values were compared by Mann-Whitney U test or unpaired t test; categorical variables were compared by Pearson's chi-square test.
Observations were not available for all subjects: n = 533 (2018–2019 controls), n = 255 (COVID-19), n = 206 (nonsevere group), n = 49 (severe group).
Including hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, chronic lung diseases, chronic kidney disease, and tumors.
Information on comorbidity status was available for 547 controls.
Serum 25(OH)D concentrations <30 nmol/L.
Serum 25(OH)D concentrations ≥30 nmol/L.