Table 1.

Summary of physiological responses to food stimuli

	Participants	Image type	Physiological outcome	Result of food stimuli
Racine et al. 2016 [26]	• 19 AN females	• Positive images • Negative images • Neutral images • Food images	• Startle blink response	• Potentiated startle response > neutral
Friederich et al. 2006 [27]	• 15 AN female • 15 BN female • 30 HC female	• Food images • Body images • Positive images • Neutral images • Aversive images	• Startle blink response	• BN startle inhibition > neutral • No significantly different response in AN
Mauler et al. 2006 [28]	• 32 BN women • 32 HC women	• Unpleasant images • Neutral images • Pleasant images • Food images	• Startle blink response • Corrugator EMG • HR • SCR	• BN potentiated startle > control • BN increased corrugator activity > HC
Drobes et al. 2001 [29]	• 23 controls • 13 with restrained eating • 19 with binge behaviours • 21 food deprived subjects	• Unpleasant images • Pleasant images • Food images • Neutral images	• Startle blink response • HR • SCR	• Binge group potentiated startle response • Binge group greater startle response > control • Elevated HR for both binge and restrained
Suissa Rocheleau et al. 2019 [30]	• 18 controls • 19 with binge eating symptoms • 19 with dietary restriction symptoms • 23 with restriction and binge eating symptoms	• Food images • Pleasant images • Aversive images • Neutral images	• Startle blink response	• Higher self-reported craving correlated with a larger startle reflex • Binge and restrictive behaviours caused decreased startle reflex to food cues
Soussignan et al. 2009 [31]	• 16 AN females • 25 HC females	• Food images	• Facial EMG • SCR • HR	• AN decreased zygomatic activity
Racine et al. 2017 [32]	• 67 male and female participants who completed the eating disorder examination questionnaire	• Food images • Neutral images • Aversive images • Pleasant images	• Startle probe • Post auricular reflex • Facial EMG	• High eating disorder cognitions had increased corrugator activation > neutral • Increased post auricular reflex in those with binge eating behaviours > those without
Overduin et al. 1997 [33]	• 11 female restrained eaters • 13 female controls	• Neutral images • Food images • Body images	• SCR • HR • Startle reflex • Facial EMG	• Decreased corrugator activity in restrained > unrestrained eaters for food images • No other group differences seen
Leehr et al. 2016 [34]	• 16 Overweight women with BED • 23 Overweight women without BED • 22 Healthy controls	• High calorie food images • Non-food images	• Facial EMG	• Increased corrugator activator for all groups > non food
Svaldi et al. 2010 [35]	• 22 females with BED • 22 female controls with BMI over 25	• Food images	• HR and SCR	• Decreased HR and SCR > non-food in those with BED