Fig. 2.

Metabolic flux analysis using isotopically labelled glutamine in A2780 and A2780cis cells. a, b, and c Isotopologue distribution of metabolites in A2780 and A2780cis cells. Cells were incubated with medium containing glutamine isotopically labeled at all five carbon atoms (¹³C₅-glutamine) for the indicated time periods. Carbon fluxes from glutamine to Glu, GSH, and α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) were determined using CE-TOFMS. Each bar color corresponds to the number of ¹³C replaced with ¹²C in the metabolites. Data are shown as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. d A pathway map of glutamine metabolism. Metabolites and catalytic enzymes are shown in black and blue, respectively. The colored dots show the ¹³C isotopically labeled metabolites, and the color corresponds to the icons in Fig. 2a–c on the left