Table 1.

Smoking – Programs that included a tobacco smoking prevention and/or cessation component

Program name or publication title References	Setting	Participants	S	N	A	P	So	Outcomes assessed?	Program brief
“Smokin' No Way”, “SmokeCheck”, “Smoke Rings” Programs 26 (Campbell, Bohanna et al 2014)	RA 4 and 5 – QLD Community, PHC and School Settings	Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Community members, school children and smokers trying to quit.	✓					✓	A multilayered intervention: event support program, training for health workers, group support program for individuals trying to quit, lesson plans for teachers and school staff, policy guide for organisations to address smoking and monitoring of compliance with legislation on tobacco sales.
An intensive smoking cessation intervention for pregnant Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander females on smoking rates at 36 wks' gestation 40 (Eades, Sanson‐Fisher et al 2012)	RA 1– QLD and WA PHC Setting	Pregnant females, aged 16 y and older, who were current smokers or recent quitters.	✓					✓	Pregnant females were assisted by their GP's to quit through a number of techniques including engaging their partner. Nicotine replacement therapy was offered after two failed quit attempts.
“Be Smoke Free” 50 (Gamarania, Malpraburr et al 1998)	RA 5 – NT Community and School Settings	Primary and high School children in remote NT communities (non‐Indigenous students were excluded from the analysis).	✓					✓	A 2‐wk educational smoking intervention involving pre‐ and postintervention questionnaires about current practices and knowledge and attitudes to smoking.
Multicomponent, community‐based tobacco interventions in remote Aboriginal communities 55 (Ivers, Castro et al 2006)	RA 5 – NT Community and School Settings	Community members and school children	✓					✓	There were a number of components to this program including health promotion activities, community and school tobacco education session and community events.
The Koori Tobacco Cessation Project 63 (Mark, McLeod et al 2004)	RA 1 and 2 – NSW Community Setting	Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders who smoke	✓					✓	A combination of smoking cessation group sessions and a subsidised course of nicotine replacement therapy.
Be Our Ally Beat Smoking Program 64 , 65 , 66 (Marley, Atkinson et al 2012, Marley, Atkinson et al 2014, Marley, Kitaura et al 2014)	RA 4 and 5 – WA Community and PHC Settings	Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander current smokers 16 y+ who wish to quit or cut down or who have quit within 2 wks of enrolling	✓					✓	Tailored smoking cessation counselling during face‐to‐face visits which were held weekly for the first four weeks, monthly to 6 mo and two monthly to 12 mo.
Adult health checks for Indigenous Australians: the first years' experience from the Inala Indigenous Health Service 89 (Spurling, Hayman et al 2009)	RA 1 – QLD PHC Setting	Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Adults	✓					✓	Health checks undertaken in conjunction with lifestyle and health advice. About 95% of current smokers received brief smoking cessation advice and 67% received “lifestyle” advice.
Healthy Food Awareness Program 107 (Aboriginal Health Medical Research Council of New South Wales 2009)	RA 2 – NSW PHC Setting	Individuals with Chronic Disease	✓	✓		✓			A one day a week session focused on diet and exercise and other health‐related issues, including smoking at the AMS and at the AMS's outreach clinics.
Healthy Lifestyles Project 30 (Cargo, Marks et al 2011)	RA 5 – NT Community and PHC Settings	Aboriginal Community in North East Arnhem Land	✓	✓		✓		✓	Community health screening, feedback and discussion. Coordinated community‐directed approach to increase the allocation of community resources to prevention activities. Multiple intervention strategies implemented; family food garden, community market, new school canteen and a 4‐day healthy lifestyle festival.
“Step up to health” –Tasmanian Aboriginal Centre (TAC) Rehabilitation Program 35 (Davey, Moore et al 2014)	RA 2 – TAS PHC Setting, Private Physiotherapy Practice and outdoors	Adult Aboriginal people diagnosed with COPD, IHD, or CHF and people with at least two risk factors for developing CVD	✓	✓		✓	✓	✓	Two 1‐h supervised exercise sessions and one, 1‐h educational session per week for 8 wks. Sessions promoted self‐management approaches, cardiovascular and respiratory health, benefits of exercise, shopping, cooking and eating healthy food, medication, stress and psychological wellbeing, and smoking cessation.
Heart Health – For Our People By Our People 37 , 38 (Dimer, Jones et al 2010, Dimer, Dowling et al 2013)	RA 1 – WA PHC Setting	Patients with CVD or at high risk of CVD	✓	✓			✓	✓	A cardiovascular disease (CVD) management program involving assessment and reassessment, provision of health information and an individualised program including motivational and education sessions; diet and nutrition; risk factor modification (including smoking cessation); managing stress and emotion (with referral for counselling when indicated); benefits of physical activity; diabetes management and medication usage.
Strong Women, Strong Babies, Strong Culture Program 36 , 44 , 45 , 60 (d'Espaignet, Measey et al 2003, Fejo 1994, Fejo and Rae 1996, Mackerras 2001)	Multiple communities – NT Community and PHC Settings	Pregnant Women	✓	✓	✓		✓	✓	Women within Aboriginal communities help other Aboriginal women prepare for pregnancy by working together with nutritionists, community‐based health workers, local schools and other women in the community.
Waminda's Wellbeing Program 46 (Firth, Crook et al 2012)	RA 2 – NSW Community Setting	Predominately Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women, including non‐Indigenous women	✓	✓		✓	✓	✓	Pilot program that evolved into intensive programs. Multiple components: exercise sessions; community gardens; cooking healthy meals; smoking cessation; health and wellbeing camps.
Karalundi Peer Support and Skills Training Program 52 (Gray, Sputore et al 1998)	RA 5 – WA School Setting	Primary, high school and TAFE students aged 10‐20 y.	✓		✓		✓	✓	Ten programs aimed at: developing students' interpersonal, problem solving and decision‐making skills; quit smoking; drug; alcohol and petrol sniffing education; sex education, arts and crafts, general health promotion; eye, ear and nose care and the use of natural medicines.
National Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Prevention Strategy –‐ Reducing Alcohol and Tobacco Consumption in Pregnancy 53 (Hayward, Scrine et al 2008)	RA 1 – QLD Community and PHC Settings	Pregnant women	✓		✓			✓	Community to inform about the dangers of Foetal Alcohol Syndrome. The program also included a resource kit for health to integrate brief interventions for smoking and alcohol use into their clinical practice.
Malabar Community Midwifery Link Service 54 (Homer, Foureur et al 2012)	RA 1 – NSW PHC Setting	Pregnant Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander women and non‐Indigenous women having an Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander baby	✓		✓		✓	✓	A unique model of antenatal care that addresses stress, smoking and alcohol consumption in pregnancy along with other care.
Deadly Choices Program 61 , 62 (Malseed, Nelson et al 2014, Malseed, Nelson et al 2014)	RA 1 – QLD School Setting	High school students Grade 7‐12	✓	✓	✓	✓		✓	Seven‐week physical activity and education program. Education components included leadership, chronic disease, physical activity, nutrition, smoking, harmful substances and health services. Health checks were also facilitated.
Getting Better at Chronic Care 70 (McDermott, Schmidt et al 2015)	RA 5–‐ QLD PHC Setting	Clients with diabetes and one major comorbidity, aged 18 y or more, poor glycaemic control and receiving regular care from the identified health service	✓	✓				✓	A self‐management program supporting patients in making and keeping appointments, understanding medications and nutrition and the effects of smoking.
The Chronic Disease Self‐Management Project 75 (Mobbs, Nguyen et al 2003)	RA5 –‐ NT Community and PHC Settings	Patients previously diagnosed with diabetes and/or hypertension with or without renal involvement	✓	✓		✓	✓	✓	Self‐care program to develop skills including changing behaviour; smoking, nutrition, physical activity and weight loss. Building family and community healthy lifestyle infrastructure using community empowerment framework. Production of local resources (booklets and videos) including HP messages. Establishment of women's healthy weight groups, walking groups and tobacco action initiative.
The Looma Diabetes Program and Looma Healthy Lifestyle Project 33 , 84 (Clapham, O’Dea et al 2007, Rowley, Daniel et al 2000)	RA5–‐ WA Community Setting	Initially Aboriginal people with diabetes or at high risk, progressing to the whole community	✓	✓		✓		✓	Following community wide diabetes screening, multiple strategies were implemented progressively over several years starting with a nutrition and exercise program for diabetes and high‐risk patients progressing to range of community wide initiatives.
Wadja Warriors Healthy Weight Program and the Injury Protection Project 88 (Smith 2002)	RA 4 – QLD Community Setting	Men from the local football team and other interested men in community	✓	✓	✓	✓		✓	Injury Prevention Project to reduce on and off field violence including family violence and alcohol and drug use to reduce a major cause of injury: broken glass. Program developed to include a lifestyle program promoting good nutrition and physical activity and teaching skills that are required for making healthy changes.
WuChopperen Drug Alcohol and Other Substances program 0101 (Strempel and Drugs 2004)	RA 1‐3 – QLD Community and PHC Settings	Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth	✓		✓		✓	✓	Provides counselling and support for young people in areas of physical, social and emotional health, and coordinates and delivers alcohol and other drug education to staff and health facilitators.
The COACH (Coaching patients On Achieving Cardiovascular Health) program (TCP) 87 , 98 , 99 (Ski, Vale et al 2015, Vale, Jelinek et al 2003, Vale, Jelinek et al 2002.)	Multiple RA zones QLD Telephone and postal	Patients with Chronic Disease (CD) or at high risk of CD	✓	✓	✓			✓	A standardised coaching program delivered by registered nurses targeting CD patients and those at risk of CD, delivered by telephone and mail‐out. Coaches educate, advise and encourage patients to close the “treatment gaps” and achieve guideline‐recommended risk factor targets whilst working with their usual doctor(s).

Abbreviations: A, alcohol; AMS, Aboriginal Medical Service; CD, chronic disease; CHF, chronic heart failure; COPD, chronic obstructive heart failure; CVD, cardiovascular disease; GP, General Practitioner; HP, health promotion; IHD ischaemic heart disease; N, nutrition; NSW, New South Wales; NT, Northern Territory; P, physical activity; PHC, Primary Health Care; QLD, Queensland; RA, remote area; S, smoking; So, social and emotional wellbeing; TAFE, Technical and Further Education; TAS, Tasmania; WA, Western Australia.