Table 2.

Nutrition – Programs that included a nutrition component

Program name or publication title References	Setting	Participants	S	N	A	P	So	Outcomes assessed?	Program brief
Diabetes Cooking Course 18 (Abbott, Davison et al 2012)	RA 1–‐ NSW PHC Setting	Adult Aboriginal Australians		✓				✓	Eighteen weekly cooking classes of 4 h duration to promote healthy eating on a budget.
Healthy Lifestyle and Weight Management Program 0105 (Aboriginal Health Medical Research Council of New South Wales 2009)	RA 1–‐ NSW PHC Setting	Aboriginal clients of Awabakal AMS, with a focus on overweight clients or those suffering hypertension		✓				✓	Nutrition education activities and health screenings over a 6‐wk period to improve nutrition knowledge and food choice.
Fruit and Vegetable Program and Market Garden 0108 (Aboriginal Health Medical Research Council of New South Wales 2009)	RA 2 – NSW School Setting	School students and health centre clients on Centrelink benefits who agree to regular health checks		✓					Market garden built in the school which provided fresh fruit and vegetables to students. Students also learnt about gardening and preparing healthy meals. Garden also provided subsidised fruit and vegetable boxes for eligible clients of the health service.
Community Kitchens 110 (Aboriginal Health Medical Research Council of New South Wales 2009)	RA 3 – NSW Setting not identified	Aboriginal women		✓					Nutrition education program. One 3‐h sessions held every week for 3 mo.
Community Kitchen 0106 (Aboriginal Health Medical Research Council of New South Wales 2009)	RA 1 – NSW PHC Settings	Community members		✓					Weekly 3‐h sessions held at AMS including nutrition education and food preparation skills. Participants plan meals, cook and share the food they have prepared. Facilitated by a Community Nutritionist and Health Promotion Officer.
Need for Feed Program 21 (Aliakbari, Latimore et al 2013)	RA 4 and 5 – Qld PHC and School Settings	Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adolescents		✓				✓	Hands on, innovative cooking and nutrition program for adolescents. Including 20 h of tuition focusing on knife skills, nutrition, label reading, food budgeting and meal planning
Flinders Model of Self‐Management Support 23 (Battersby, Ah Kit et al 2008)	RA 4 and 5 ‐ SA Community and PHC Settings	Aboriginal people with type 2 diabetes aged 40 y+		✓				✓	Aboriginal patients with diabetes interviewed by Aboriginal Health Workers to develop care plans. General practitioner and other current care providers are also involved in providing self‐management education and identifying goals in relation to weight, nutrition and exercise.
The Fruit and Vegetable Subsidy Program 24 , 25 (Black, Vally et al 2013, Black, Vally et al 2014)	RA 2 and 3 ‐ NSW Community Setting	Aboriginal children and their families		✓				✓	The provision of heavily subsidised fruit and vegetable boxes to children and their families. These boxes were accompanied by nutrition and dietary education sessions provided by dietitians or trained nutrition health workers.
The Healthy Lifestyle Programme (HELP) 31 (Chan, Ware et al 2007)	RA 1 and 4 – QLD Community Setting	Adult Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people over 20 y of age with either type 2 diabetes and/or overweight		✓				✓	Series of educational workshops on nutrition and exercise. Participants were encouraged to self‐monitor their physical activity through the use of pedometers. Participants with type 2 diabetes were also encouraged to monitor fasting plasma glucose.
Nutrition: at the heart of good health 0102 (Fitzpatrick and Australians for Native Title Reconciliation 2007)	RA 5 – WA Community Setting	Aboriginal children and their mothers		✓					Drop‐in centre providing healthy meals and nutrition education. Cooking classes and nutrition education for women.
Good food, great kids: An Indigenous Community Nutrition Project 0103 (Fitzpatrick and Australians for Native Title Reconciliation 2007)	RA 2 –‐ VIC Community and School Setting	Aboriginal community members, in particular school children and women		✓					Multiple components including school gardens, healthy food policies in school and school cooking program. Nutrition and cooking program for women and a community garden.
Pathways to Prevention Project – Practical Cooking Workshops 49 (Foley 2010)	RA 1 – QLD Community Setting	Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults		✓				✓	A series of practical cooking workshops.
Walk‐about Together Program 59 (Longstreet, Heath et al 2008)	RA 3 –‐ QLD Community and PHC Setting	Overweight Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults		✓				✓	Participants received nutrition and physical activity advice and were provided a pedometer and log book.
Cooking Classes for Diabetes 76 , 104 (Moore, Webb et al 2006, Aboriginal Health Medical Research Council of New South Wales 2009)	RA 1 – NSW Community and PHC Settings	Clients with diabetes and their families		✓				✓	Cooking classes for people with diabetes and their families including health education.
The Bindjareb Yorgas Health Programme 78 (Nilson, Kearing‐Salmon et al 2015)	RA 2 – WA Community Setting	Aboriginal Women		✓				✓	The program consisting of four health promotion components, this paper is only reporting on the cooking and nutrition classes which were run weekly during school term over a 12‐mo period.
Minjilang Good Food and Health Project 56 , 57 (Lee, Bailey et al 1994, Lee, Bonson et al 1995)	RA 5 – NT Community and PHC Settings	Aboriginal community members		✓				✓	Community health screening, regular dietary intake monitoring and nutrition education including promotion of healthy foods in stores.
Outreach School Garden Project 100 (Viola 2006)	RA 5 – QLD School Setting	Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Students		✓				✓	This program incorporated formal nutrition and gardening education lessons into the core school curriculum through key learning areas. Healthy changes to the tuckshop menu were also made.
Spring into Shape Program 0109 (Aboriginal Health Medical Research Council of New South Wales 2009)	RA 2 – NSW PHC Setting	Not specified		✓		✓	✓		Exercise and nutrition program to promote healthy lifestyle change and manage stress in a better way. Wide range of physical activities occur with nutrition education sessions. Fruit and vegetable box provided for the cost of $5 including recipes.
Healthy Lifestyle Program 111 (Aboriginal Health Medical Research Council of New South Wales 2009)	RA 3 – NSW Community and PHC Settings	Aboriginal adults		✓		✓			Weekly meeting with a weigh‐in and talks on topics such as healthy eating, physical activity and meal preparation. Program also includes exercise sessions and a 30‐min group walk. Sessions supported by Weight Watchers.
Building Healthy Communities Project 112 (Aboriginal Health Medical Research Council of New South Wales 2009)	RA 4 – NSW PHC Setting	Aboriginal community members including children		✓		✓	✓		Multiple components. Nutrition and cooking classes through “Quick Meals for Kooris” program. Community vegetable garden was established, the walking track was upgraded and a range of physical activity sessions. Women's self‐ esteem classes, craft and jewellery making classes were also part of the project.
Healthy Food Awareness Program 107 (Aboriginal Health Medical Research Council of New South Wales 2009)	RA 2 – NSW PHC Setting	Individuals with Chronic Disease	✓	✓		✓			A one day a week session focused on diet and exercise and other health‐related issues, including smoking at the AMS and at the AMS's outreach clinics.
The Chronic Disease Self‐Management pilot study 20 (Ah Kit, Prideaux et al 2003)	RA 4 and 5 – SA Community and PHC Settings	Aboriginal people with type 2 diabetes.		✓		✓		✓	A chronic disease self‐management model for Aboriginal people consisting of local support coordination, extension of preventive health programs, self‐management processes and tools to suit goal setting and behaviour change including group exercise and diet education sessions and appropriate staff training.
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Women's Fitness Program 27 , 28 , 29 (Canuto, McDermott et al 2011, Canuto, Cargo et al 2012, Canuto, Spagnoletti et al 2013)	RA 1 – SA Community Setting	Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Women 18‐64 y with waist circumference greater than 80cm		✓		✓		✓	Twelve‐week program including two 60‐min group exercise classes per week, and four nutrition education workshops. RCT vs waitlisted controls.
Healthy Lifestyles Project 30 (Cargo, Marks et al 2011)	RA 5 – NT Community and PHC Settings	Community members	✓	✓		✓		✓	Community health screening, feedback and discussion. Coordinated community‐directed approach to increase the allocation of community resources to prevention activities. Multiple intervention strategies implemented; family food garden, community market, new school canteen and a 4‐day healthy lifestyle festival.
Aunty Jean's Good Health Program 34 (Curtis, Service et al 2004)	RA 3 – NSW Community and PHC Settings	Aboriginal Elders		✓		✓		✓	Twelve‐week program involving weekly group sessions that included a medical check, group exercise and information sharing from health professionals across multiple topics (nutrition and cooking, exercise, diabetes and stress management). This was combined with a self‐managed, self‐directed home program.
“Step up to health” ‐Tasmanian Aboriginal Centre (TAC) Rehabilitation Program 35 (Davey, Moore et al 2014)	RA 2 –TAS PHC Setting, Private Physiotherapy Practice and outdoors	Adult Aboriginal people diagnosed with COPD, IHD or CHF and people with at least two risk factors for developing CVD	✓	✓		✓	✓	✓	Two 1‐h supervised exercise sessions and one, 1‐h educational session per week for 8 wks. Sessions promoted self‐management approaches, cardiovascular and respiratory health, benefits of exercise, shopping, cooking and eating healthy food, medication, stress and psychological wellbeing and smoking cessation.
Heart Health – For Our People By Our People 37 , 38 (Dimer, Jones et al 2010, Dimer, Dowling et al 2013)	RA 1 – WA PHC Setting	Patients with CVD or at high risk of CVD	✓	✓			✓	✓	A cardiovascular disease (CVD) management program involving assessment and reassessment, provision of health information and an individualised program including motivational and education sessions; diet and nutrition; risk factor modification (including smoking cessation); managing stress and emotion (with referral for counselling when indicated); benefits of physical activity; diabetes management and medication usage.
Birth to Elders Nutrition Program 41 , 42 (Edwards 2004, Edwards 2005)	RA 3 and 5 – SA Community, Child Care Centres, PHC and School Settings	Aboriginal community members		✓		✓	✓	✓	Multiple community‐based social and emotional wellbeing activities, providing health paraphernalia to communities, including nutritional education and physical health interventions such as indoor little athletics and sports events.
Gut Busters 43 (Egger, Fisher et al 1999)	RA 5 –‐ QLD Community Setting	Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander men		✓	✓	✓		✓	Program run on four remote islands targeting four major lifestyle risk factors; reducing fat intake; increasing dietary fibre; increasing daily movement and changing “obesogenic” habits. The program encourages long‐term lifestyle changes including moderate use of alcohol and moderate‐intensity accumulated activity. Regular planned walking groups occurred on two islands.
Strong Women, Strong Babies, Strong Culture Program 36 , 44 , 45 , 60 (d'Espaignet, Measey et al 2003, Fejo 1994, Fejo and Rae 1996, Mackerras 2001)	Multiple communities – NT Community and PHC Settings	Pregnant Women	✓	✓	✓		✓	✓	Women within Aboriginal communities help other Aboriginal women prepare for pregnancy by working together with nutritionists, community‐based health workers, local schools and other women in the community.
Waminda's Wellbeing Program 46 (Firth, Crook et al 2012)	RA 2 – NSW Community Setting	Predominately Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women, including non‐Indigenous women	✓	✓		✓	✓	✓	Pilot program that evolved into intensive programs. Multiple components: exercise sessions; community gardens; cooking healthy meals; smoking cessation; health and wellbeing camps.
Diabetes Management and Care Program 51 (Gracey, Bridge et al 2006)	RA 5 – WA Community and PHC Settings	Aboriginal community members		✓		✓		✓	Multiple strategies including lifestyle disease education, promotion of healthy eating, exercise and active recreation program, health screening and medication compliance.
Deadly Choices Program 61 , 62 (Malseed, Nelson et al 2014, Malseed, Nelson et al 2014)	RA 1 – QLD School Setting	High school students Grade 7‐12	✓	✓	✓	✓		✓	Seven‐week physical activity and education program. Education components included leadership, chronic disease, physical activity, nutrition, smoking, harmful substances and health services. Health checks were also facilitated.
Getting Better at Chronic Care 70 (McDermott, Schmidt et al 2015)	RA 5 – QLD PHC Setting	Clients with diabetes and one major comorbidity, aged 18 y or more, poor glyacemic control and receiving regular care from the identified health service	✓	✓				✓	A self‐management program supporting patients in making and keeping appointments, understanding medications and nutrition and the effects of smoking.
The Chronic Disease Self‐Management Project 75 (Mobbs, Nguyen and Bell 2003)	RA5 – NT Community and PHC Settings	Patients previously diagnosed with diabetes and/or hypertension with or without renal involvement	✓	✓		✓	✓	✓	Self‐care program to develop skills including changing behaviour; smoking, nutrition, physical activity and weight loss. Building family and community healthy lifestyle infrastructure using community empowerment framework. Production of local resources (booklets and videos) including HP messages. Establishment of women's healthy weight groups, walking groups and tobacco action initiative.
Awareness and Self‐Management Programme 81 (Payne 2013)	RA 3 – QLD Community Setting	Women with type 2 diabetes or identified has having an elevated risk of developing disease.		✓			✓	✓	Support groups involving information sessions on self‐management strategies; grief and loss; health ownership and concepts of shared knowledge; and diet and exercise.
A pilot study of Aboriginal health promotion from an ecological perspective 82 , 83 (Reilly, Doyle et al 2007, Reilly, Cincotta et al 2011)	RA 2 – VIC Community Setting	Multiple subgroups; Elders, women, junior footballers, employees, sporting club members		✓		✓		✓	Multiple programs including; a health “summer school” for health promotion practitioners; a nutrition program for under 17‐year‐old footballers; initiatives to improve the dietary quality of food supplied at the football and netball club; a series of focus groups to adapt mainstream nutrition guidelines for the Indigenous community; a weekly self‐directed health‐focused meeting for women; and a workplace exercise program.
The Looma Diabetes Program and Looma Healthy Lifestyle Project 33 , 84 (Clapham, O'Dea et al 2007, Rowley, Daniel et al 2000)	RA5 – WA Community Setting	Initially Aboriginal people with diabetes or at high risk, progressing to the whole community	✓	✓		✓		✓	Following community wide diabetes screening, multiple strategies were implemented progressively over several years starting with a nutrition and exercise program for diabetes and high‐risk patients progressing to range of community wide initiatives.
Wadja Warriors Healthy Weight Program and the Injury Protection Project 88 (Smith 2002)	RA 4 – QLD Community Setting	Men from the local football team and other interested men in community	✓	✓	✓	✓		✓	Injury Prevention Project to reduce on‐ and off‐field violence including family violence and alcohol and drug use to reduce a major cause of injury: broken glass. Program developed to include a lifestyle program promoting good nutrition and physical activity and teaching skills that are required for making healthy changes.
The COACH (Coaching patients On Achieving Cardiovascular Health) program (TCP) 87 , 98 , 99 (Ski, Vale et al 2015, Vale, Jelinek et al 2003, Vale, Jelinek et al 2002.)	Multiple RA zones QLD Telephone and postal	Patients with Chronic Disease (CD) or at high risk of CD	✓	✓	✓			✓	A standardised coaching program delivered by registered nurses targeting CD patients and those at risk of CD, delivered by telephone and mail‐out. Coaches educate, advise and encourage patients to close the “treatment gaps” and achieve guideline‐recommended risk factor targets whilst working with their usual doctor(s).

Abbreviations: A, alcohol; AMS, Aboriginal Medical Service; CD, chronic disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; N, nutrition; NSW, New South Wales; NT, Northern Territory; P, physical activity; PHC, Primary Health Care; QLD, Queensland; RA, remote area; RCT, Randomised Controlled Trial; S, smoking; SA, South Australia; So, social and emotional wellbeing; VIC, Victoria; WA, Western Australia.