Figure 2.

Disruption of cell junctions by H pylori and enteropathogenic E coli. A, The T4SS effector serine protease HtrA cleaves E‐cadherin and acts on the tight junction proteins occludin and claudin‐8. The effector CagA destroys polarized gastric epithelial cells by interacting with E‐cadherin. Phosphorylated CagA (p‐CagA) interacts with GRB2 and ZO‐1. B, EspF and Map are secreted through the T3SS effector system. EspF binds to the ZO‐1 and ZO‐2 scaffold proteins. The interaction between Map and myosin II regulates the tight junction. In addition, the T3SS effector EspG1 and its homolog EspG2 destroy tight junctions by targeting microtubules, and NleA may destroy occludin and ZO‐1