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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Aug 14.
Published in final edited form as: Biochem J. 2020 Aug 14;477(15):2893–2919. doi: 10.1042/BCJ20190839

Figure 1. Schematic of RAS posttranslational processing, plasma membrane targeting and recycling.

Figure 1.

Following mRNA translation in the cytosol, the three RAS isoforms (HRAS, NRAS and KRAS) are trafficked to the PM in a series of steps in specific subcellular localizations. HRAS and NRAS are recycled through palmitoylation-depalmitoylation cycles; KRAS is recycled via the recycling endosome which is enriched with PtdSer. Green and red lines indicate farnesyl and palmitate, respectively. The (+) symbol denotes polybasic residues of the KRAS hypervariable region. FTase, farnesyl transferase; RCE, Ras-converting enzyme 1 protease; ICMT, isoprenylcysteine carboxylmethyltransferase; PAT, palmitoyl acyl transferase; APT, acyl-protein thioesterase; PDEδ, phosphodiesterase delta; Arl2, ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 2; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; Golgi, Golgi apparatus; RE, recycling endosome; PM, plasma membrane; -Me, methyl group.